How to recognize a mushroom with a cap and a white leg: names and types (+32 photos)

Mushrooms are a wonderful culinary product that is successfully used to prepare various dishes. The most popular are champignons - mushrooms with a white cap and a white leg. However, almost all species have twins, so you need to be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible, poisonous ones.

The main types of mushrooms, which are based on the criterion of edibility, include:

• edible;
• conditionally edible;
• inedible.

Let's dwell on the representatives of these species in more detail.

What are cap mushrooms?

This concept unites mushrooms that have similar characteristics, functions and body structure. The group "cap mushrooms" is represented by both edible and useful, as well as inedible and poisonous species.

They are endowed with hats and legs. But not all. In some species, the body of the fetus is formed by only one cap in the form of an irregular growth. Habitual and popular for humans are such cap mushrooms as porcini, chanterelles, milk mushrooms and others.

The structure of mushrooms

The structure of the cap mushroom of the huge natural kingdom is simple. It has a fruiting body formed by a cap and a leg. The main part of the fungus is the mycelium located in the soil. It is called mycelium, which is a branching thread of white color. Mycelium cells have two nuclei.

The structure of the cap mushroom is such that the cap with the stem consists of threads that are tightly interconnected. At the leg, they are the same, and in the cap they form the upper and lower layers. The surface of the top layer is covered with skins of different colors. The lower layer of some mushrooms, such as butterdish, boletus or white, have tubules. They are called tubular mushrooms. Plants such as mushrooms, volushkas and russules have plates, respectively, mushrooms are called plate-like.

Causative agents

The causative agents are fungi of the genus Phytium, Olpidium, Phoma, Rhizoctonia, Aphanomyces. These lower moldy fungi live in the surface layers of the soil, feeding on organic debris. But, growing strongly, if the usual food is not enough, they attack any organic matter that comes their way. Most often these are young plants, flower shoots and seedling roots. The fungi first eat the wounded and dead roots of the plant, then they are taken for the healthy parts of the roots and, finally, they are taken for the lower part of the stem. Disease black leg is also called root root. Healthy mature plants and sturdy cuttings are usually not attacked by molds. Add wood ash to the soil to stop the growth of the blackleg disease outbreak.

But among the simplest fungi there are aggressive fungi - parasites. Their genus Fusarium consists of dangerous phytopathogens that cause the classic black leg disease in plants. This fungus attacks the succulent tissues of the lower part of the stem, releasing toxins. The stem turns black and curls. The process proceeds quickly, young plants fall as if they were cut down - even the leaves do not have time to wither. In a few hours, you can lose the entire container of seedlings. It is possible that the harmful spores were not in the soil, but on the seed coat.Therefore, before planting, be sure to pickle the seeds in the Maxim preparation, or warm them up for 30 minutes at a temperature of 50 ° C. Use purchased soil for indoor flowers, it is not recommended to take it from the garden, as spores of pathogenic fungi accumulate in it.

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In addition, blackleg plants are attacked by bacteria when the so-called bacterial rot appears. The causative agent is the Ervini bacteria. It lives in the upper layers of the soil, where there is more organic matter and oxygen, as it feeds mainly on plant debris. Usually, a plant infected during the growing season looks healthy for a long time, only later does an adult plant show signs of the disease - bacterial colonies grow more slowly than fungi. At risk are tuberous flowers - cyclamens, begonias, gloxinia. Bacterial rot is contagious. Avoid thickening plantings, create good lighting and air circulation. Rot forms on the underside of the stem. It turns brown, dark green, even black. The plant breaks because the stem becomes soft, the internal tissues turn into mucus. Sometimes bacterial rot can develop on leaves, buds. Bulbous plants with a succulent thick stem are also easily prey for bacterial rot.

Also rotting of the roots and the lower part of the stem, i.e. black leg, can provoke fermentative bacteria - those that are in fresh, not yet rotted manure. If you add such manure to the potting soil, the roots will simply burn out and the bacteria will attack the weakened plant. A bacterial burn will occur.

For feeding, you can use humus or compost, which is at least two years old!

Edible mushrooms

Today, there are four thousand varieties of cap mushrooms, and only a few hundred of them are edible. There are mushrooms suitable for consumption only when they have been processed by salting, boiling, and drying. They are called inedible, but should not be confused with poisonous. Edible cap mushrooms are conventionally divided into four groups:

• White mushroom, real milk mushroom, mushroom.
• Butter dish, boletus, champignon, boletus, boletus.
• Flywheel, black milk mushroom, morel, chanterelle, autumn honey.
• Russula, talker, oyster mushroom, umbrella mushroom.

Black leg treatment

If the disease is caused by fungi, then it should be treated with copper-based fungicides: home, oxychom, copper sulfate, Bordeaux liquid and others. These preparations cannot cure bacterial rot. Colloidal sulfur will help. The drug trichodermin, which contains spores of fungi - natural enemies of phytophthora, can also be used for the prevention and treatment of blackleg. The drugs Maxim and Vitaros treat black leg caused by both fungi and bacteria.

Also, sprinkle the surface of the soil with a mixture of clean river sand, dolomite flour and ash. Sand will absorb excess moisture from the soil, dolomite flour will strengthen the immunity of seedlings, and ash will reduce the acidity of the soil.

White mushroom

It is called boletus, but it has nineteen more names. The white mushroom is the king of the mushroom community. It is edible, has a high nutritional value, a pleasant aroma and has an excellent taste, for which it is appreciated by culinary experts.

Boletus grows up to thirty centimeters in height and more. The cap is light yellow or dark brown, depending on the place of growth and age of the fungus.

It grows everywhere, except for forests with a predominant majority of aspen and alder. It grows everywhere in Eurasia, North America, less often in Lebanon and Syria. There are a lot of boletus in Russia, especially in young forests.

Chanterelles

These mushrooms are edible, they are so called because of their color.She is bright red. In nature, there are chanterelles of a pale yellow color. Mushrooms prefer to grow at night, where they were not the day before.

There are many varieties of this mushroom in nature. In Russian forests, the most popular are common chanterelles (real), yellow, tubular, funnel-shaped. The habitat is bog tussocks of deciduous and coniferous forests. Particular preference is given to areas with low grass. Chanterelles love to grow in large groups.

Boletus: photo and description

The taste of the mushroom does not depend on the color of the boletus. It is very pleasant in any form and rightfully takes the 2nd place after the most famous porcini mushroom in terms of its taste.

The boletus belongs to the genus Obabok, which is part of the bolet family. All of them have a leg as if covered with darkish scales, and this is very noticeable. Famous boletus boletus also have a similar property of legs.

The color of the cap is one of the most important, but by no means the only sign by which this mushroom differs from others. In addition, the redhead is quite changeable in its color. It is not always red (mushroom red). Boletus boletus with brown caps are most often found in the forests, moreover, they resemble porcini mushrooms. There are both almost white and orange boletus in nature. The first ones are very rare and therefore are included in the list of the Red Book of Russia.

Gall mushroom

It is a type of poisonous mushroom. It is also called a false porcini mushroom or bitterness. Prefers coniferous forests and sandy soil. It is rare, from July to October.

The diameter of the cap reaches ten centimeters, it is dry and smooth. It can be brown or brown. In young mushrooms, it is convex, and in old ones it gradually acquires a flat-convex shape.

The thick flesh is soft, white, and pinkish on the cut. Odorless and bitter in taste. The stem is of medium length and thickness and has a creamy ocher color. It is covered with a dark brown mesh pattern. A poisonous mushroom has an external resemblance to a boletus.

Safe Gathering Rules and Locations

It should be remembered that mushrooms are often disguised as edible or have their counterparts. Therefore, you should adhere to the following rules and places for picking mushrooms:

1. If there is any doubt about the "correctness" of the mushroom, it is better not to take it at all, as you can put your health at great risk.
2. If the mushroom is unfamiliar, do not put it in the basket. It can be poisonous and, when cooked together with other mushrooms, can poison them.

   
   Mushroom picking

3. It is necessary to collect mushrooms as far as possible from open sections of highways, highways, factories with harmful production, since mushrooms tend to accumulate harmful chemicals.
4. It is necessary to carefully monitor the change in color of the mushroom at the break. Edible types of mushrooms practically do not change color when damaged, while poisonous ones change it.

Death cap

This mushroom is called white and green fly agaric. It is the most dangerous of all poisonous mushrooms. Prefers broad-leaved, coniferous, birch and oak forests. It grows in groups and singly from June to the very frost. You can rarely meet him.

The diameter of the cap is ten centimeters. In young mushrooms, it has a white or grayish color, and in older specimens it is grayish-green. The thin flesh is white, taste and smell are absent. The leg is long, straight and thin. The inside is hollow. Has a white color with a yellowish tinge and a striped ring.

This mushroom is deadly poisonous. In case of poisoning, the first signs appear after 8-12 hours. But sometimes much later, after 20-40 hours after eating the mushrooms.

Unusual views

Among the natural diversity of orange mushrooms, specimens of a non-standard shape are also distinguished.First of all, these are orange slingshot and sulfur-yellow tinder fungus. The horned whale has a slender, club-shaped body, slightly oblong and pleasant to the taste. It grows from late summer to cold weather, loves dry open places and glades. Polypore, on the other hand, appears in May and bears fruit until September. This representative of living nature is conditionally edible, as it can cause some toxic reactions. The fungus is a parasite that infects trees such as poplar, pine, oak, willow, birch, chestnut, walnut.

Its fruiting body is heterogeneous, up to seven centimeters thick and a cap size from ten to forty centimeters. It can weigh up to nine kilograms. The pulp of the mushroom is soft and juicy, sourish in taste, with an unusual lemon scent. However, if the tinder fungus gets old, then its nutritional and aromatic qualities quickly deteriorate. Young mushrooms are used boiled and fried, for salting and as a filling for pies. After drying, they become brittle, fibrous and very light, and can be stored frozen for a long time. If the mushroom is old or grows on conifers, then you cannot eat it, as it can cause all kinds of allergic reactions and poisoning.

Reproduction of mushrooms of the cap variety

This process is carried out by spores with great endurance. Their shell is dense. It performs the function of protecting spores from overheating during extreme heat, and hypothermia during winter cold. This reproduction is called asexual.

Fruit bodies in the lower part have plates or tubes that increase the surface, which is needed for light, small spores for their formation. When the spores enter the optimal environment, they begin to grow into hyphae. Due to their growth and branching, the mycelium (mycelium) is formed - the vegetative part of the fungus, which can remain in this state for a long time. Reproduction occurs when spores form in the fruiting body.

Cap mushrooms form a body in late summer or early autumn. But this does not apply to morels and stitches, which are spring mushrooms. When the spores mature, they begin to crumble and be spread by wind, insects, or animals over long distances. In most fungi, the mycelium has cells with a binuclear structure, which, after fusion, contribute to the growth of the mycelium and the formation of new fruiting bodies.

Pictures of mushrooms with names. Mushrooms - a collection of pictures for activities with children

Speech therapy classes with children are much more productive if you use special visual material. This is especially necessary when the child's personal experience (on the topic under discussion) is not too great. For example, preschoolers rarely see mushrooms, they have vague ideas about their different types, therefore high-quality images of these "forest gifts" allow not only to develop children's speech, but also significantly enrich knowledge about the world around them, nature.

Recommendations for conducting classes

If you want to use pictures of mushrooms for classes with children, then it is worth considering several rules for their use:

• Give your child the opportunity to look well, study new images in each drawing, and only then use them for developmental exercises or games.
• Pay attention to the quality of the pictures. It is best to use special speech therapy sets of illustrations produced for kindergarten, but you can also take realistic images from the Internet or use photographs.
• Be sure to select a variety of handouts - both subject pictures and plot. The former are small cards with single images of mushrooms, and the latter are illustrations of a real (hedgehog with mushrooms) or fabulous (a series of pictures Under the mushroom) situation on the topic. For the development of speech in preschoolers, both types of visual material are needed.
• Any illustration for classes should be made in a realistic manner, accurately repeating all the elements of the external structure of an object.
• It is most convenient to use cards with names that older preschoolers can read themselves.
• Images of mushrooms on a transparent background greatly expand the possibilities of using them when composing stories.

Food

Varieties of cap mushrooms feed on ready-made substances of organic origin, which are taken from their environment. This is how it works: the mycelium absorbs nutrients from the soil, as a result of which the forest floor and wood are decomposed. Organic substances are formed, which the body of the fungus feeds on.

In many species, mycelium with its numerous threads braids the roots of shrubs and trees, penetrates and forms mycorrhiza (fungal root). So water containing minerals in it is absorbed by the mycelium and nourishes the fruiting body. This way of feeding is characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi.

Examples of cap mushrooms of this variety are almost all of their large group with a tubular structure of the lower part of the fetus's body: pigs, fly agarics, chanterelles, milk mushrooms, russula, mushrooms and others.

Development features

The development of cap mushrooms takes place in several phases. As a rule, the standard developmental sequence is the same for different types of cap mushrooms.

The vital functions of any cap mushroom are as follows:

• there is no chlorophyll in the cells;
• the formation of organic substances does not occur;
• feeds on ready-made organic substances;
• reproduction through spores.

Methods of feeding cap mushrooms can be different, but most often substances necessary for vital activity from the soil or plants are consumed.

Functions of the cap mushroom

The formation of mycorrhiza in one fungus occurs with one species of tree, and in another with several. In the porcini mushroom, partners are spruces, oaks, pines, birches, in camelina - pines and spruce, in boletus - birch, spruce and pine. But the deciduous oiler has only one partner - the larch, the black milk mushroom and the wave - the birch. From here, the main function of mushrooms is determined - to provide food for tree species: aspens, birches, pines, spruces and others. Without fungi participating in the formation of mycorrhiza, trees cannot develop normally.

Another, no less important function, is that saprophytic fungi, which are the majority of cap varieties, participate in the decomposition of dead herbaceous and woody plant debris. As a result of this process, organic substances are converted into minerals. They are well absorbed by plants and processed back into organic ones.

The third function is that the rotted litter ensures the normal existence of the forest. It is formed by mushrooms, being part of its large community. In the forest, mushrooms are not superfluous. The specimens that are unnecessary for man are necessary for the forest. Therefore, you should not destroy, compact and trample the litter in which the mycelium is located. Its absence is the main reason for the destruction of forests.

How to grow mushrooms?

The fruiting body of edible mushrooms contains a large amount of useful and nutritious substances.For this reason, they are grown artificially. Cap mushrooms are very popular for cultivation.

Special workshops with racks in several tiers are being built. They are filled with well-fertilized soil in which the mycelium is planted. The workshops are constantly monitored for temperature and humidity. Optimal conditions are maintained for the rapid germination of fruit bodies. On an area of ​​one square meter, twenty kilograms of mushrooms can be grown. The harvest is harvested five times in one year.

Prophylaxis

• Planting material (seeds, cuttings) to pickle;
• Disinfect the planting containers;
• Use a commercial potting mix or prepare your own soil wisely. In early spring, keep the soil brought in from the frost in the warmth for at least a week, so that the beneficial microflora comes to life in it. Before use, warm the soil for an hour at a temperature of about 70 ° C. Only after cooling down, it can be used for planting or transplanting plants;
• Add wood ash to the soil to reduce its acidity;
• Do not allow thickening of the plantings, thin out dense shoots;
• Water the plantings with moderately settled warm water;
• Ventilate rooms and seedling containers;
• Use good drainage in planting containers;
• Loosen the soil regularly;
• Do not overfeed the plants, observe the fertilization rates, especially nitrogen fertilizers;
• Use epin, immunocytophyte and other restorative preparations for the healthy growth of flower seedlings.

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The black leg appears more often on weakened seedlings and cuttings that lack warmth and light, and they were planted in cold soil. Take care of heating the soil and additional lighting for your seedlings, for example, with fluorescent lighting.

The use of mushrooms

For a long time, when people were still collecting, edible mushrooms were used for food. They were boiled, salted, dried. Currently, mushrooms are used to prepare first courses, used in salads, to decorate dishes, in sauces and seasonings.

Hat varieties are widely used in medicine with the use of traditional methods of treating diseases. White mushroom is applied to frostbitten parts of the body. On the basis of false honey agarics, a laxative is prepared, and a medicine against tuberculosis is prepared from pepper mushrooms. Pale toadstool treats cholera in scanty doses.

Inedible and poisonous mushrooms

Collecting mushrooms and eating them, even in small quantities, is a vital issue, since mushroom poisoning leads to harmful and sometimes fatal consequences.

Inedible mushrooms include:

• pale toadstool;
• red fly agaric;
• satanic mushroom.
• Stropharia blue-green;
• Paneolus Bell-shaped;
• Gobele;
• Pecicia the Changeable;
• Amanita Panther;
• orange spider web;
• The line is ordinary;
• Trametes is multicolored.

Poisonous mushrooms include:

• a poisonous row with a gray cap;
• pale toadstool;
• spring fly agaric;
• Bordered gallery;
• Sulfur-yellow pseudo-foam;
• yellow-skinned champignon;
• Lepiota brownish-red.