Many people admire insects, not at all suspecting that some of them cause huge damage to agricultural crops. In total, there are about 760 thousand species of various insects on Earth, among which there are more than 300 thousand beetles.
The order of beetles is subdivided into 3 suborders - ancient beetles, carnivorous and varivorous. In the first, richly represented in the past, there are only a few dozen species that exist today, but it is also the starting point for the other two. Among this variety, against the background of greenery, red beetles with black dots stand out and, conversely, black beetles with red spots.
The article provides information about the more common and frequently encountered ones.
General information about beetles
Before we find out what the red beetles with black dots are called, we will find out what insects are - beetles.
These are the most diverse and numerous species of insects that live in almost all areas of land and water - in the tundra, deserts, mountains, forests, in fresh water bodies, and even in human dwellings.
Beetles are very different from each other in appearance and size. Some are so scanty that it is impossible to see them, others, for example, like the goliath beetle, can reach 15 centimeters in length.
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Features of the structure of beetles
The red beetle with black dots on the wings (shown in the photo below), like all other varieties of beetles, has its own structural features. The main distinguishing feature of beetles is strong and rigid front wings (or elytra), when folded, they form a chitinous shell that protects a thinner second pair of wings - membranous.
There are so many creatures in the world who want to dine on beetles that the second had to acquire such chitinous hard armor to protect the body. Like all insects, beetles have a head, a thorax (abdomen), and a chest. Their jaws (three pairs in total) are extremely powerful and durable. Most beetles have good eyesight, but most of them rely on the sensitive organs of touch - antennae located on the sides of their head.
The heart is located inside the abdomen and is protected by a strong chest plate (pronotum). The belly also contains the intestinal tract, stomach, and the entire respiratory system.
Many beetles have two pairs of wings, of which the lower ones are used for flight, hidden in a sitting position under the chitinous elytra. Before taking off, the beetle lifts the elytra, and only then spreads its delicate, thin wings.
In total, like other insects, the beetle has 6 legs attached to the thoracic region of the body.
Morphology
Imago. The beetle is 7.5–10 mm long with an elongated body. The top is yellowish brown, short and densely pubescent. Legs and antennae are yellow-brown or light-colored.
The head is strongly convex, densely punctate, the anterior margin of the frons is not carinated and lies in the same plane with the clypeus and upper lip.
Antennae short, reaching the ends of the posterior angles of the pronotum, weakly sawnate from the fourth segment. The third antennal segment is slightly shorter than the second or almost equal to it.
Posterior angles of pronotum diverging, carinae well developed. The side border in front is pressed against the inside, in the middle it is often interrupted.
Scutellum not longer than width, broadly rounded.
Elytra 2.3–2.5 times as long as wide at base, tapering posteriorly, covered with sparse grooves. The odd gaps between the grooves, starting from the seam, are lighter and wider, the even ones are narrower and darker. [2]
Sexual dimorphism. Different-sex individuals differ in the structure of the genitals.
Male Pronotum longer than width.
Female. Pronotum square, convex, densely and coarsely punctured. [2]
The egg is oval, white, small, shiny, white and dirty in color. They are poorly distinguishable in the soil, thanks to the small particles of soil that stick around them. [1]
The larva is cylindrical in shape, the color of the integument is from light yellowish to straw yellow. Sides with dark yellow spots. The last segment has a conical shape and two deep spiracles at the base.
Mandible of the larva of the striped nutcracker with a preapical tooth located at an acute (up to 60 °) angle. There is a peephole, well developed. The teeth are equal in size. The posterior lobe of any plate is sharpened in the apical part. The parietal pair of setae is very small, but always present.
Tergites of abdominal and thoracic segments, excluding caudal, coarsely and densely punctate in middle part. Basal part of tergites smooth, shining, sparsely, but coarsely punctured.
Muscular indentations are heavily pigmented. The lateral longitudinal stripe is distinct.
The spiracles are short-oval, the anterior margin is widened, but not more than 1.5 times as long as wide.
Caudal segment 1.5 times as long as wide at base. The shape of the caudal segment from the base is half or 2/3 cylindrical, and in the apical third it is conical. The surface of this segment is smooth, shiny, covered with very delicate and rare wrinkles, dots are usually absent. The longitudinal grooves are distinctly expressed and reach up to half of the segment.
The pupa, like that of other click beetles, is morphologically similar to the imago. On the pronotum, the characteristic lateral wedge-shaped processes drawn back are clearly visible. The head and both pairs of wings are bent to the ventral side. The covers are gentle, soft. The color is often milky white, matte, less often yellowish.
The pronotum on the sides and the terminal section of the abdomen bear thin setae that act as shock absorbers while the pupa is in the earthen cradle. [1]
Family of ladybugs
These cute little beetles are familiar even to young children. They are well known due to their lack of fear of people and their bright red color.
To a greater extent, the ladybug (red beetle with black dots), seven-spotted, is known, although their species diversity is enormous.
There are a total of 5200 species in the world in the family of Ladybugs, in the order of Coleoptera. This means that their relatives are numerous species of beetles. Some individuals are red with black dots, others have irregular spots instead of dots, and still others are black with red spots. Very rare, but there are one-color ladybugs with a black color.
Development
Imagozyme in soil in pupal cradles at a depth of 10–12 cm. The emergence of beetles on the surface begins in the second decade of May and continues until mid-June. The timing of the exit depends on the course of spring temperatures and the magnitude of the flood, since the species is common for river floodplains in the forest-steppe zone. In years with a high flood level, the flight of beetles is extended. The adults of the striped nutcracker are active in the morning and evening hours, and in the daytime and at night they hide under various shelters.
Beetles feed on pollen of flowering and cereal plants, sometimes gnaw at the leaf blades of cultivated cereals (oats, rye, etc.). The lifespan of an imago is 2–4 weeks. [2]
Mating period. Intensive flight and mating are observed in the afternoon, from 17-18 hours before sunset. Females lay eggs in small heaps, 3-5 in each, in the grass sod to a depth of 3-4 cm or in the soil near the roots of cultivated cereal plants. Fertility of one female is 60-200 eggs. [2]
Egg. The incubation period, depending on the temperature, lasts 30-60 days. [1]
Larva. Hatching begins in the second half of June. Development lasts 4 years. During this time, the larvae molt 8-9 times. They overwinter in the soil. [1]
They most readily feed on young roots of cereals. At the same time, they can damage the sown seeds, tillering node, stems, root-tuber crops.
They prefer highly moistened soils with a high content of plant residues and humus (meadow, meadow-peat and peat bogs). In such soil, the number of larvae reaches 300 or more specimens per 1 m2. Larvae are found on sandy and sandy loamy soddy-podzolic soils in places with sufficient moisture, but they are less abundant in these types of soils. [2]
Doll. Pupation takes place in July-August of the fourth year of larval development. The pupal phase lasts 2-3 weeks, at a temperature of 15-16 ° C - 4-7 weeks. [1]
Imago. Young beetles appear in late July - early August, but do not emerge from the soil, they remain to winter in it until the spring of next year. The full developmental cycle of the striped nutcracker is 5 years. [1]
Description of ladybug
They are small red beetles with black dots with a rounded convex body. The lower part of their torso is completely flat. Their usual color is red, black and yellow contrasting tones. The head is small. Legs are short, thin, black. The body length is 5-8 mm.
In sunny weather, these heat-loving insects are active: they crawl hastily, quickly take off and again sit on plants in search of food. Their flight is very easy, fast and quiet.
Usually, the victims of ladybirds are sedentary insects, and therefore the hunt for them is only eating the victim.
Chemical fight
There are many effective methods of dealing with the red beetle. With a small number of pests, gardeners can quite cope with folk methods, in advanced cases only "heavy artillery" - insecticidal preparations - will save. The use of pesticides will help to avoid relapse - timely treatment will completely destroy the parasites along with the offspring.
There are no individual preparations designed to combat specifically red beetles. But both types of rattlers are effectively affected by pesticides designed to exterminate leaf-gnawing insects (for example, Colorado beetles).
Chemical treatment is much more effective than traditional methods. Poisons allow, after a single treatment, to completely rid the garden of pests.
In the direction of action, insecticides are of several types.Here are the most common ones.
- Organochlorine. These are highly toxic drugs that destroy most pests. Disadvantages - harm humans and animals, destroy beneficial insects. Such preparations are not recommended for use on personal garden plots.
- Organophosphorus. They selectively affect pests, at low consumption, the effect manifests itself quickly, but the toxicity for warm-blooded animals and humans is high. It is necessary to carefully observe safety precautions and avoid accidental contact of the solution on the skin, mucous membranes and in the respiratory tract. Common names are Tagore, Aktellik, Malathion, Karbofos.
- Pyrethroids. Relatively safe and fairly effective drugs that destroy the insect's nervous system. They are made on the basis of derivatives of the natural substance pyrethrum. Of the disadvantages - with not too careful processing, some of the pests can hide and survive, and with regular use they develop resistance. The most famous drugs in this group are Bifentrin, Fastak, K-Otrin, FAS.
- Neonicotinoids. A modern group of insecticides that have a detrimental effect on the nervous system of pests. The drug penetrates into all parts of the plant, so they can not only be sprayed, but also watered at the root. It acts quickly and efficiently, but it is quite toxic to humans and animals. Popular brands are Aktara, Confidor, Calypso, Mospilan.
- Bioinsecticides. Preparations based on fungi, bacteria or nematodes do not pose a threat to humans and the environment, are effective, but, as a rule, are not cheap. Not addictive to pests. Well proven in the fight against crackers "Nemabakt", "Lepidotsid", "Fitoverim, KE".
To spray lilies from red beetles with any of the listed means, you need to prepare: carefully study the instructions for the selected drug, observe all dilution proportions and precautions that the manufacturers recommend. Sometimes a single treatment with insecticides does not give a result for the entire season (the beetles fly perfectly, which means that they can move from a neighboring site at any time).
It is necessary to treat lilies with insecticides before flowering. Each drug has a waiting period after use - this must be taken into account when cutting flowers for bouquets. For most products, this is about 3 weeks, for biological products - 2-5 days.
Distribution, features
Ladybugs are distributed all over the world. They live on all continents of the world except Antarctica. Ladybugs inhabit open spaces with grassy vegetation - gardens, meadows, forest edges, steppes, less often forests. Clusters form only during wintering, and so they live alone. In search of food, they crawl over the leaves and stems of plants, and can also fly over long distances.
The peculiarity of these beetles is that, in case of danger, they emit a rather sharp-smelling, poisonous yellowish liquid that scares off enemies. Only a few species of these beetles are harmful to crops. The rest (predatory species) destroy worms, aphids, leaf beetles and other pests of garden and horticultural crops.
Not always a ladybug is a red beetle with black dots. Some of the varieties have a yellow outfit with black dots, others are black with red dots. There are even white ladybugs! All these are young beetles that have recently emerged from the pupa. They acquire an adult, usual color after a few hours after birth.
How do pests get into the apartment?
Many people think that regular cleaning is the best way to keep bugs out. But even in a perfectly clean apartment, insects can still start.Although the absence of clutter and dirt in the house still helps to reduce the likelihood of unpleasant neighbors.
Beetles end up in an apartment in the following ways:
- Open window, as well as cracks in them;
- Ventilation holes. This path can be blocked by insects with nets;
- The owners of the apartment or guests themselves bring them to shoe or clothing. For example, after taking a walk in the park, you can inadvertently "pick up" a beetle;
- FROM attic or basement... It is highly likely that beetles will quickly begin to breed if pigeons live in the attic. Insects eat their excrement and sooner or later will move to the lower floors.
Varieties
Among the numerous varieties of ladybugs, there are, as noted above, not only red beetles with black dots, but also black and red in color.
- The four-spotted ladybug is a black beetle with 4 large red spots on the elytra and a body length of up to 6 mm. This is a ubiquitous common species. They destroy colonies of sedentary insects that suck juices from plants: scale insects, scale insects and hermes.
- The two-spotted ladybird is a species variable in its color. Usually these are beetles with a black pronotum and red elytra, each with a black spot. The body is up to 5 mm long. They destroy (both beetles and larvae) aphids.
- The broad-browed ladybird is a black beetle with 2 red spots on the elytra. The body is 3 mm long and covered with hairs. Both larvae and beetles feed on scale insects and aphids, and for the full cycle of its development, one beetle can destroy more than 600 pests.
Black beetles in the house: how to get rid of them?
If kozheedy are wound up in the apartment, then first of all it is necessary to process their main habitats, that is, carpets and upholstered furniture. They should be wiped with a sponge soaked in soapy water, and then treated with vinegar. The next day, the soft furnishings and carpets are vacuumed.
The Khrushchak is found near bulk products. Therefore, you will have to spend a lot of time to inspect each container with flour and cereals. If there are visible black dots or the insects themselves, then all the packaging is sent to the trash. Drawers and cupboards in the kitchen are washed with cleaning agents.
When insects are found near the floor covering, it and the baseboards are treated with special insecticides against beetles.
All procedures described above are repeated twice a week for a month. Not all laid eggs can be destroyed the first time. Therefore, there is a great risk of a new generation of beetles.
If insects continue to appear a month after regular treatment of the apartment, then only a professional pest control service will help. You may have to live in another place for some time, since the processing of all rooms sometimes takes place in several stages, and the toxic substances will not disappear in a day.
Black beetles are not just pests of food stores in kitchen cabinets. They also spread the infection, and their excrement can trigger an allergic reaction. Some insects will damage wood furniture. Therefore, if these pests are repeatedly seen in the house, then you should quickly begin to destroy them.
The distribution and behavior of soldiers
Beetles live on the territory of Eurasia in temperate climatic zones, and are also found in North Africa and North America. The bug can be seen almost at any time of the year, except for winter. There are especially many of them in spring, when the sun warms up well. They sit in small groups in open spaces.
On the trees, red beetles with black dots take a liking to the old bark. They are also located on loose boards, on bricks, on fences, and even in houses they can be seen in rural settlements. In essence, these insects are completely harmless.
The composition of their diet is fruits that have fallen to the ground, seeds, plant sap.Their main feature is that they sometimes eat their congeners when they live in large colonies.
At the end of autumn, beetles with a red back and black dots lie for the winter under fallen leaves, under the bark of trees and in other places sheltered from the wind and severe frosts. With the onset of winter, the soldiers enter the stage of an adult insect. Nature has endowed them with an unpleasant odor to scare away natural enemies.
Other organic methods
Diatomaceous earth and borax are two other organic substances that can be used to remove the soldier beetles.
Diatomaceous earth is a substance that is a sedimentary deposit made of tiny fossil materials called diatoms. Toy soldiers and other insects that come in contact with it will hit their protective covering and eventually die. It is necessary to spread the product around the perimeter of the house, around trees with larvae and adult pests. You should also treat the area of your yard where bed bugs tend to gather.
Often used for household cleaning borax, which is a boron-based compound that destroys the protective coating of beetles and their cell membranes. Brown should treat the trees where the bugs live, and the inside of the outer siding of the house.
Diatomaceous earth and borax are two other organic substances that can be used to remove the soldier beetles.
If your own home treatments prove ineffective or lack the proper equipment, calling a professional fighter may be your best bet. He definitely needs to explain the task: not to let pests enter the house or completely exclude them from the yard. The most common method is perimeter processing.
What causes bedbugs in the house?
Schrenk's boil
To red beetles with black dots can be attributed and the beetle - Shrenk's blister. He is easily recognizable by his striking characteristic appearance. Its elytra are red or orange, with transverse stripes and black spots. The body is thickly hairy.
On sunny days, these beetles can be seen sitting one by one or several individuals on the flowers. They are usually slow and sluggish. Their larvae are more mobile than adults. Penetrating into locust pods, they feed on their eggs.
These insects got this name due to the fact that their blood contains poison (cantharidin), which strongly irritates the skin and causes the appearance of water bubbles (abscesses). It may also happen that an animal that has swallowed this beetle with grass will fall ill and die.
Enemy # 1 for lilies
Gluttonous red bugs, which brazenly devour the leaves on lilies, do not disdain even flower petals, they are found everywhere in Europe. In our country, they became known at the very beginning of the nineties of the last century.
This pest loves to feast on lilies most of all, although it does not ignore such plants as lily of the valley and hazel grouse. Already at the very beginning of spring, it can be seen on plantings, where it begins to devour leaves, flowers and bulbs. If you don't get rid of it right away, then after the larvae appear, it will be very difficult to fight the beetle.
Adult red lily beetles have a characteristic appearance:
- Quite large eyes;
- Sufficiently narrowed chest;
- Wide abdomen.
Body coloration: the area in front of the dorsum and elytra are scarlet, sometimes bright red, the surface of the latter is shiny with depressions. Long limbs and black antennae. The larvae of the rattlers resemble caterpillars, the same wingless with a thick long body. Their color is yellow, brown, orange.
For larvae, birds are potential enemies. So they came up with an interesting way to protect the body with their excrement.As a result, feathered enemies take a young individual for their feces and do not pay any attention to them.
How to process raspberries to protect against insect pests (with photo)
Description of pear diseases and methods of treatment - it is worth starting with such a terrible disease as bacterial cancer. Sometimes pear leaves look burnt. This is the work of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae, which causes bacterial cancer, or bark necrosis. Most typically, bacteriosis manifests itself on the trunk and branches in the form of depressed spots with a pinkish-brown tint and purple edging.
Fruits are usually not affected by bacterial cancer. At the initial stage of this disease in the spring, there may be a sudden browning and drying of inflorescences and adjacent leaves, as well as leaves on young shoots. Affected flowers and leaves turn black over time, but do not fall off until autumn.
This is one of the serious diseases of pear leaves and treatment must be carried out without fail. In autumn or early spring, the affected branches should be removed with the capture of 10-15 cm of apparently healthy areas. Places of cuts are disinfected with a 1% solution of ferrous sulfate or 5% solution of carbolic acid, the cuts are covered with garden varnish.
The browning of young pear leaves can also be caused by a lack of adequate nutrition, a lack of trace elements such as copper, iron, as well as a deficiency of potassium. Trees should be regularly fed with humus, ash, foliar top dressing with micronutrient fertilizers should be applied.
Diseases of the pear and the fight against them worries many lovers of this fruit tree. It is necessary not only to fight diseases, but also to carry out prevention, especially from such a disease as scab.
The source of infection is fallen leaves in the garden, on which the fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed in autumn. One affected leaf can throw up to two million spores out of itself. The disease is especially widespread in rainy summers. Dark velvety spots appear on the affected leaves and fruits. With severe damage, the leaves crumble prematurely, and the fruits crack. The varieties Thumbelina, Cathedral, Lada, Powislaya, Fields, Rogneda, Severyanka, Taezhnaya, Uralochka, Chizhovskaya, etc. are resistant to scab.
The multi-flowered nature of the pear creates a biological reserve in the event of an invasion of the flower beetle. The larvae of this pest eat away the contents of the buds, and the latter, without blooming, remain with dried petals.
The pear flower beetle is still widespread only in the southern regions, the apple flower beetle is the ubiquitous main enemy of the garden, which in some years can destroy the potential apple harvest. It usually damages the pear to a lesser extent, since it is ahead of the apple tree in developmental phases and its buds have time to "slip through" unharmed.
Usually, these insects do not deprive the pear of all ovaries, which are also enough for natural June abscission, and for possible damage by the moth. Even if only 1-2 fruits are preserved in each inflorescence, whole garlands are formed, which subsequently give a harvest.
Pests of pears on leaves are very often gall mites. On the leaves of a seven-year-old pear, you can sometimes find oblong black spots, evenly distributed on both sides of the central vein of the leaf. Similar damage is caused by the pear gall mite. It can only be seen under a microscope, so many gardeners mistake this damage for scab.
We suggest that you familiarize yourself with: Treatment for linen lice
Permitted preparations of the acaricide group will help to neutralize ticks. Processing is carried out 1-2 weeks before flowering, if necessary, repeat 2-3 weeks after flowering, but no later than 15-20 days before fruit ripening. Keep in mind that the leaves with signs of damage will already remain on the tree until the leaves fall.
Earlier, pear coppers were found only in the southern regions and on the southern borders of central Russia (in the European part of Russia, two species are mainly harmed - common and large). In recent years, they have spread widely in the Non-Chernozem zone and cause great harm, which is associated with the uncontrolled exchange of planting material and an increase in the range of cultivated varieties. Probably, the climate warming also contributes to this.
The most dangerous pest of pear leaves is the common pear honeydew, which develops on the pear during the entire growing season, gives up to 4-5 generations per year. The large pea sucker develops in one generation during the season and does not harm the pear since June.
Plants are damaged by larvae, nymphs and adults of sucker, sucking juices from buds, leaves, young shoots, fruits. There is a general weakening of the plants heavily infested with the pest. The damaged organs are lagging behind in growth, underdeveloped, the ovaries and leaves fall off, the fruits become tough and take on an ugly shape, the branches dry out or lose frost resistance.
Honeydew (sticky sugary excrement) also has a detrimental effect on trees, which is completely covered not only by plants, but also by the soil of the trunk circles. On a surface contaminated with honeydew, saprophytic sooty fungi develop intensively, which makes the trees appear blackened. Hot and dry weather is favorable for the reproduction and development of the pest.
What the pear is sick with, as a rule, is not difficult to determine, but who caused the damage to the leaves often causes difficulties. Adults of the common pear sucker are about 3 mm long. Wintering forms are dark brown, summer forms are yellow-brown or orange, with two pairs of transparent wings. Larvae are oval, flat, with red eyes, yellow at first instar, greenish-yellow to brown in subsequent instars.
Fighting and treating pear leaf disease from pear honeydew should be started in autumn, clearing trees from dead bark, mosses and lichens, plowing plant debris. In the spring period, pesticide treatment begins at the beginning of bud swelling and, if necessary, is repeated in the bud extension phase.
Anthracnose.
Anthracnose is one of the most harmful diseases of raspberries. The causative agent is a fungus that affects all aerial parts of plants, but shoots and leaves are especially affected.
Affected shoots are stunted and bent. On the petioles and veins of the leaves, the spots are very small, often merging. At the same time, the leaves remain underdeveloped, curl and fall prematurely. Affected berries develop poorly, become one-sided, turn brown and dry out. The causative agent hibernates in the form of mycelium on the affected shoots.
Control measures. To combat this raspberry disease, after harvest, the sprouted shoots must be cut out without leaving hemp. After leaf fall, the leaves are collected and destroyed, the aisles are dug up. Before flowering, the plants are sprayed with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture and other fungicides containing copper.
Septoria, or white spot.
Raspberry leaf septoria is widespread almost everywhere. On the leaves (in the central part), small rounded blurry spots appear, often merging. At first they are brown, then turn white. Sick leaves dry out prematurely. The spots on the stems are large, vague, often merging. The affected bark often cracks and flakes off, its top layer curling.
When describing this raspberry disease, it is worth noting that the causative agent of the disease overwinters on the affected raspberry stems.
Control measures. The same as with anthracnose.
Purple spotting.
Purple spot, or didimella, is common in the Central, Central Black Earth, Volgo-Vyatka, North-West regions.This raspberry disease is caused by a fungus that infects annual shoots, fruiting stems, leaves, petioles and fruit twigs.
As they grow, the spots turn brownish brown. Then they ring the shoot, the central part of the spot becomes colorless and covered with dark dots. Next year, closer to spring, the spots on the shoots become lighter. Weakened plants damaged by pests are more susceptible to the disease.
Control measures. On plantings of raspberries in the fall, it is necessary to cut out the fruiting stems, without leaving hemp, and burn them. If annual shoots are severely damaged, it is also advisable to cut and destroy them. Remove diseased, weak and short shoots within the row. No more than 10-15 replacement shoots and well-developed root suckers are left per 1 running meter of a row.
The soil under the bushes must be dug to a shallow depth (about 10 cm) so that the affected fallen leaves do not become a source of infection in the future, and sprinkle with wood ash. Then mulch with peat, sawdust, humus or fallen needles in a layer of about 10 cm.
Gray rot.
Gray mold is a common fungal disease of raspberries. It appears on ripe and fully ripe berries. Ripe berries rot, acquire a smoky gray color, and become inedible. On completely rotten berries, conidia and spores are formed, which are carried further by the wind and infect other berries.
