Summer in our climatic zone is not always warm, so the demand for vegetables resistant to weather changes and diseases is always high. What qualities should be the cultivars and hybrids of vegetables suitable for such difficult conditions?
- 7 recommendations for choosing varieties and hybrids for 2020 1. In soil, the greatest return will be from a variety or hybrid specially bred for a given territory.
- 2. If the variety is chosen for open ground, then it should preferably be with an early (or at least medium) ripening period.
- 3. The variety or hybrid must be resistant to the main diseases of the crop.
- 4. For planting in glass and film greenhouses, mid-season varieties with resistance to major diseases and pests typical for greenhouse conditions are suitable.
- 5. You need to buy vegetable seeds from trusted, reliable producers.
- 6. When choosing a variety or hybrid, do not forget that it is impossible to stop your choice on only one variety or hybrid, no matter how good it is!
- 7. Choose varieties according to your goals.
- Tomato variety Semyonovna
Increasing the yield of the vegetable garden
Factors helping to determine the real possibility of growing
Before sowing seeds in an open summer cottage, it is necessary to determine the stages of work in order to ensure an accelerated formation of the crop.
The main directions for getting a good harvest:
- Study of the characteristic features of varieties for early cultivation.
- Selection of vegetable crops for planting.
- Determination of the landing site.
- Techniques to help speed up the formation of the crop.
Characteristic features of varieties of vegetables and herbs
For early sowing of vegetables, you should choose frost-resistant and cold-resistant varieties.
Frost-resistant varieties able to easily survive the winter. Plant development begins at a temperature of +2 - 3 degrees. As soon as the snow begins to melt, foliage grows in the plants, and frost does not damage the aboveground part of vegetable crops. Cold-resistant varieties include horseradish, garlic, rhubarb, sorrel, onions.
Cold-resistant varieties: cabbage, green peas, beans, spinach, leafy mustard, dill, root vegetables, lettuce. These plants are able to survive a drop in temperature down to -2-4 degrees. The optimal environment for good plant growth is considered to be a temperature of +18 + 20 degrees.
If we take into account the resistance of crops to cold conditions and the ability of seeds to germinate at a low positive temperature, you can sow them in the country very early and get a harvest in the shortest possible time.
General recommendations for the selection of varieties and hybrids for 2020
In the ground, the greatest return will be from a variety or hybrid specially bred for a given area.
Therefore, when choosing vegetable seeds, give preference to domestic breeding novelties, developed for your conditions.For planting in greenhouses, you can also use more thermophilic cultivars.
Before a variety or hybrid receives registration, it undergoes field trials for several years in different parts of Russia. And according to the results, experts give recommendations: in which regions it manifests itself best.
This information can be found in the State Register of Breeding Achievements.
If the variety is chosen for open ground, then it should preferably be with an early (or at least medium) ripening period.
This is necessary so that the yield of the crop takes place in the most favorable conditions: before the beginning of the period of nighttime August cold snaps.
The variety or hybrid must be resistant to major crop diseases.
So, for example, cucumbers grown in the open field should be distinguished not only by increased cold resistance, but also be resistant to powdery mildew and peronosporosis, and have a high regenerative capacity.
For planting in glass and film greenhouses, mid-season varieties with resistance to major diseases and pests typical for greenhouse conditions are suitable.
So, for example, with temperature changes, greenhouse cucumbers are often affected by fusarium, so pay attention to the resistance of the hybrid to this fungal disease.
You need to buy vegetable seeds from trusted, reliable producers.
Preferred by serious agricultural firms conducting their own breeding research.
When choosing a variety or hybrid, do not forget that it is impossible to stop your choice on only one variety or hybrid, no matter how good it is!
Just one stress factor can leave you completely harvestless. Plant at least two to three hybrids or varieties.
Choose varieties according to your goals.
Also, when making a choice in favor of certain seeds, you need to take into account the intended use of the crop.
For food: choose early maturing varieties with high taste.
For conservation: high-yielding varieties suitable for processing are suitable.
For long-term storage: give preference to varieties and hybrids with high keeping quality and resistance to transportation.
Choosing vegetables for early sowing
Planning for the planting of early vegetables should be carried out in accordance with the regional climatic conditions and familiarize yourself with the crop requirements for natural factors.
When and what variety to sow
To grow an early harvest of vegetables in a climatic zone in which frosts continue until May, you should select varieties of vegetables for sowing that can form a crop in the shortest possible time, that is, choose early ripening varieties: you can plant seeds of spinach, watercress, leaf mustard, radish and dill. Their vegetation lasts up to 30 days. In sorrel, rhubarb, tarragon, mint and horseradish, the root system and buds overwinter in the soil under the snow. Therefore, these plants grow immediately after the ground thaws.
In order to grow vegetables as soon as possible, it is required to sow kohlrabi, Peking cabbage, dill, summer radish, early and cauliflower in the early stages.
Self seeding possible
Some vegetable crops such as carrots, parsley, dill and cucumber are self-seeding. During the winter, the seeds undergo natural stratification and give friendly shoots in the beds, which are not afraid of spring frosts. Hardened seedlings are obtained from such seeds. Early seedlings ensure rapid maturation of the plantings.
What to choose: a variety or a hybrid of F1 vegetables?
The varieties are unpretentious, require less maintenance, give stable yields, and from them you can collect your seeds. But their productivity is lower, the taste is sometimes worse, they are more affected by diseases and pests.
Hybrids are almost always larger, brighter, sweeter, their productivity is sometimes several times higher! But this is all provided that they are well looked after: they are watered on time, fed, properly shaped, they have enough light and heat - in order to achieve maximum return.
Which vegetables to grow in the garden to stop
Vegetables planted in the garden by early spring sowing must have time to yield a harvest so that heat-loving vegetables can be planted in their place. Therefore, each owner should contribute to the early formation of the crop. To accelerate seed germination, you can cover all crops with foil material.
Radish
This vegetable can be grown in 3 stages, from the 1st to the 2nd and the subsequent planting should take a week. The following radish varieties are suitable for planting in the 3rd decade of April, March and May: Zarya, Heat, Basis. In the spring, you can thicken the planting of radishes. As they grow, it is necessary to collect large root crops, and then all the kids will catch up.
Planting radish needs additional feeding: the first should take place after germination, the second - after a week. For feeding vegetables, a solution of wood ash is used at the rate of 0.5 tbsp. ash per 1 m of plantings.
Parsley
On one bed, you can plant root parsley of the Urozhainaya, Sugarnaya varieties, or curly leafy varieties of Gertnerstolz and Moskarause. To obtain greens in a short time, sowing seeds of vegetables in the country is carried out from late April to early May. You can speed up the germination of seeds by covering the bed with a film. When the first shoots appear, the covering material should be removed. Parsley is not afraid to drop the temperature to -9 degrees.
Root parsley should not be planted too thickly, as it grows and develops poorly, but curly parsley will give good greens even with thickened plantings.
Dill
This vegetable crop is recommended to be planted in stages. The first planting is carried out in early spring, then, in order to obtain flowering dill, which is used for harvesting, the Gribovsky variety is planted in May. To obtain green mass in the middle of summer, the varieties "Superdukat", "Lesnogorodsky", "Kibray" are planted.
Dry seeds sprout slowly, only after 2 weeks you can notice the sprouts that have hatched. To speed up the germination of vegetable seeds, you need to heat them. To do this, heat the water to 50 degrees and place the seeds in it for 20 minutes, then soak them in ordinary water for 2-3 days. The water needs to be changed several times a day, making sure that it does not sour. After sowing, the bed is covered with a film. Early varieties of dill are not afraid of lowering the temperature to +5 - 8 degrees. During the growing season, early varieties of dill must be fed with organic matter 2 times.
Carrot
A vegetable crop with early sowing of seeds in a summer cottage garden gives a good harvest by the month of August. Then it makes no sense to leave in the garden and continue to grow root crops until autumn, as their quality will decrease, the carrots will crack or become "fluffy" (a large number of small roots will appear).
To be with carrots in the summer, you need to sow seeds of the following varieties: "Canning", "Artek". As soon as the roots turn bright orange, they can be eaten. Mid-ripening varieties of carrots "Nantskaya", "Vitaminnaya", "Losinoostrovskaya" are well stored, the seeds of these varieties of vegetables should be planted in late May - early June.
To know how many carrot beds to plant so that the harvest is enough for the whole winter, you need to proceed from the fact that from 1 meter of a narrow bed you can get up to 7 kg of carrots.
Radish
Vegetable culture is in demand in early spring and winter, that is, at a time when there are few vegetables. In order to have an early harvest of radish, sowing a crop in the garden is required as early as possible. If you plan to send the radish to the basement for storage, it is better to plant the seeds in June.Good varieties are "Sudarushka", "Odessa 5". It is possible to get a harvest in a month and a half.
The growing season for the Winter round black radish lasts 75-95 days. Sowing seeds should be carried out in early July, and harvest as the roots ripen.
Onion
With the seedling method of growing onions from seedlings, the crop can be harvested in 1 year. To prevent the formation of arrows in vegetables, it is recommended to soak the set in a saturated solution of potassium permanganate and hold for 10 minutes. Then place the bulbs in wet sawdust for 2 days. Remove the dark “shirt” from the bulbs before placing the seedlings in the seedling boxes. Planted in the garden in mid-May.
Spring garlic
The best varieties of garlic, such as Aleisky and Gafuriysky, need to be planted in mid-April. When planting, the teeth should not be deeply buried. By the end of August, you can harvest.
Collection rules
In addition to taking into account the growing season and the number of approaches for each crop, there are certain nuances of collection. The quality of vegetables is influenced by the time of harvest and weather conditions.
Most fruit crops harvested in wet weather deteriorate quickly
General recommendations:
- In clear weather, long-term storage roots are cut and dug up. Wet food deteriorates faster than dry food.
- The vegetables that go to the cellar are harvested at the stage of technical maturity. This extends the storage period.
- A rainy day crop contains fewer nutrients, especially potassium.
- Beans should be harvested after rain or in the morning, when the dew has not yet melted. Otherwise, the fruits will crumble.
- It is advisable to do the planned collection of vegetables early in the morning. During the day in the sun, they lose their taste.
By following these instructions, you can enjoy fresh produce throughout the cold season.
It is advisable to cut vegetables for jams at the stage of biological maturity.
Techniques for the formation of an early harvest of vegetables
Plants during the growing season are influenced by many natural factors that are determined by the climatic conditions of a particular region. Moreover, these factors can have both a beneficial effect and contribute to the growth of vegetables, and a negative one, which will manifest itself in slow growth and low yields.
Therefore, to increase the yield, one should know the agricultural technology of growing vegetables, their exactingness to natural conditions, and apply the knowledge gained in practice, that is, regulate the ripening process.
Tillage
To be sure of getting a harvest, you need to know how to properly cultivate the soil for early sowing of vegetables. Seeds need to be planted in moist soil, if the moisture has evaporated, then time is lost. The site needs to be dug up and prepared in the fall, spring digging is undesirable. After sowing the seeds, it is recommended to compact the bed with a board (roller). Thus, the seeds will be in better contact with the soil, and soil moisture will gradually rise from the lower layers of the soil to the upper ones.
Watering and sheltering
A big plus is given by watering the soil before planting vegetables. The grooves prepared for planting are watered abundantly, the water is allowed to soak, the seeds are laid out and sprinkled with soil or mulched with peat or humus.
You can accelerate the emergence of seedlings if the beds are covered with non-woven material (film). But in order to avoid the appearance of burns on young sprouts, it is required to remove the covering material in a timely manner.
It should be taken into account that the root system of a number of vegetables is superficial and is located in the upper fertile layer of the soil. These include leaf spinach, lettuce, radish, watercress, leaf mustard. These varieties ripen quickly, provided that they grow in a highly fertile soil layer, with a sufficient amount of necessary substances.
Mulching
It is important to mulch the soil. This will not only protect the planting from weeds, but will also help retain moisture in the top layer of the soil. Mulching of the surface layer can be carried out with humus, the remnants of a dark film or mulch paper. When sowing vegetables early, to get a good harvest, we mulch the holes with peat or humus.
Proper care of plants
Many gardeners-gardeners use the so-called surgical methods of care, in the process of which the tops, main and lateral stems, and excess ovaries are removed. Reception does not allow the plant to spend all its strength and nutrients to build up green mass. Thus, fruiting increases, but yield decreases. Reception gives a significant effect only if carried out in a timely manner. Tomato picking is carried out at the initial stage of development of stepchildren in vegetables, otherwise the plant can be damaged.
Pinching or pinching is used for pumpkins, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, watermelons. As a result of the removal of the upper bud, lateral shoots develop, on which female flowers are formed in large quantities.
The described techniques help to form a plant and get a high yield from a smaller garden bed in the early stages.
Spring garlic and rhubarb form flower stalks in the process of growth, if they are cut off in time, the yield will be better.
Frost protection
When sowing vegetables early, it is necessary to protect the first shoots from low temperatures and frost. There are several such methods of protection against the adverse effects of natural conditions. Summer residents choose a warmer site for early sowing, introduce organic matter into the soil in high doses, and smoke plantings before frosts.
To reduce the negative impact of low temperatures on plantings, it is recommended to shed the beds in the late evening. Many gardeners are perplexed as to why watering, because wet soil will freeze faster. The effectiveness of this method is explained by the fact that during the evening watering the soil receives moisture, as a result of which it cools more slowly, as moisture evaporates. The heat released from the soil during evaporation warms the vegetable plantings.
How to care for greenhouse plants?
In winter, you need to maintain an average daily temperature of + 18 ... + 22 ° С. It should be remembered: cold is destructive for radish and cucumber, and overheating is for tomato, eggplant, bell pepper.
You cannot ventilate the greenhouse on frosty days. But when the outside temperature rises, the vents must be opened 1-2 times daily.
For greenhouse vegetables, 2-3 waterings per week are enough. Every time you first need to check the soil - it should dry out a little. Water must be used at room temperature. Cold moisture causes stress in plants and slows down their development. It is especially dangerous for a cucumber.
Plant stems should be tied up in a timely manner as they grow. Cucumbers need supports, preferably under the roof of the greenhouse. Then the growing stems can be directed in the right direction. This is especially important when growing in a rack.
As soon as the ovaries begin to form, experts advise removing the lower leaves on the plants. Excessive green mass inhibits fruit development. In addition, this technique improves air exchange and light access. This means that the risk that plants can be affected by fungal and other pathogenic microorganisms is minimized.
You can increase the humidity in the greenhouse by pouring water on the heating pipes and the floor, placing containers with hot water. For a more successful ripening of tomatoes, it is recommended to place tanks with a diluted mullein solution near the plantings.
With the conveyor method of growing crops twice a year - in early summer and late autumn - preventive treatments of the greenhouse should be carried out.It is necessary to partially replace the soil with a fresher mixture and thoroughly wash all surfaces. After fertilizing and airing the greenhouse, you can start a new planting series.
