Description of pear diseases with photographs and methods of treatment

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The pear is quite unpretentious to care for, its fruits delight with their taste and aroma. But sometimes changes begin to occur in the appearance of the crown, branches and fruits. The shoots change their color and the leaves on the pear turn black. Why do they turn black? There may be several reasons for this.

Causes of pear blackening and treatment methods

Chinese bamboo torture

The infamous method of the gruesome Chinese execution throughout the world. Perhaps a legend, because not a single documentary evidence has survived to this day that this torture was actually used.

Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants on Earth. Some of its Chinese varieties can grow up to a meter in a day. Some historians believe that the deadly bamboo torture was used not only by the ancient Chinese, but also by the Japanese military during World War II.

Bamboo grove.

How it works?

1) The sprouts of living bamboo are sharpened with a knife to make sharp "spears"; 2) The victim is suspended horizontally, with his back or belly above a bed of young pointed bamboo; 3) Bamboo grows rapidly in height, pierces the skin of the martyr and grows through his abdominal cavity, a person dies for a very long time and painfully.

Like the torture with bamboo, the "iron maiden" is considered by many researchers to be a terrible legend. Perhaps these metal sarcophagi with sharp thorns inside only frightened those under investigation, after which they confessed to anything.

Methods to eliminate the causes of blackening

Lack of micronutrients

Top dressing will help to cope with the problem

To replenish the micronutrient deficiency, feed:

• if there is a lack of potassium, add potassium chloride to the soil at the rate of 10 g. per 1 m 2 or wood ash, spray the pear with a solution of 50 gr. potassium salt and 10 liters of water;
• to eliminate boron deficiency, treat, at the beginning of summer, the tree with a 5% solution of boric acid, once every three years add boric fertilizers to the soil in an amount of 5 grams. for 1 m2;
• for the treatment of iron starvation in the fall, it is necessary to fertilize the soil, add 1 kg of ferrous sulfate under each sprout, every spring spray the crown and branches 2-3 times with a solution of 50 grams. ferrous sulfate and 10 liters of water.

Dry air

Most often, southern pear varieties suffer from dry air and a large amount of dust. To cope with the dry air factor, irrigation through sprayers will help.

"Iron Maiden"

The Iron Maiden was invented at the end of the 18th century, that is, at the end of the Catholic Inquisition.

"Iron Maiden".

How it works?

1) The victim is pushed into the sarcophagus and the door is closed; 2) The thorns driven into the inner walls of the "iron maiden" are rather short and do not pierce the victim through, but only cause pain. The investigator, as a rule, in a matter of minutes receives a confession, which the arrested person can only sign; 3) If the prisoner shows fortitude and remains silent, long nails, knives and rapiers are pushed through special holes in the sarcophagus. The pain becomes simply unbearable; 4) The victim never confesses to the deed, then she was locked in a sarcophagus for a long time, where she died from blood loss; 5) In some models of the "iron maiden" spikes were provided at eye level to gouge them out.

The name of this torture comes from the Greek "scaphium", which means "trough". Skafism was popular in ancient Persia. The victim, most often a prisoner of war, during the torture was devoured alive by various insects that were not indifferent to human flesh and blood and their larvae.

Scafism.

How it works?

1) The prisoner is placed in a shallow trough and wrapped in chains. 2) He is forcibly fed with large quantities of milk and honey, from which the victim begins to have profuse diarrhea, attracting insects. 3) The prisoner, who has gone bad, smeared with honey, is allowed to swim in the trough in the swamp, where there are many hungry creatures. 4) Insects immediately begin their meal, with the living flesh of the martyr as the main course.

Sooty fungus - black bloom on fruits and leaves

Sooty fungus on pear leaves and fruits
The sooty fungus most often appears after the petals have fallen off or during the pouring of the fruit. Dark spots and plaque appear on the branches, fruits and leaves without clearly defined edges.... The appearance and taste of the fruit are reduced. The defeat of shoots and leaves leads to a growth retardation, a decrease in frost resistance and the setting of fruit buds.

Unlike scab, sooty fungus stains are easily erased. This feature makes it easy to distinguish one disease from another.

The main reasons for the defeat of pears with a sooty fungus are:

• Density of the crown;
• Poor air circulation in the garden or low-lying location;
• Poor crown illumination;
• Insect damage, because it is on their secretions (honeydew) that spores begin to develop.

To control the fungus, it is necessary to reduce the population of sucking insect pests (aphids, copperheads). Spraying with copper-containing fungicides can be used to protect the plants. But most often, special treatment against sooty fungus is not required if treatments have been carried out for other fungal diseases.

Pear of Suffering

This cruel tool has been used to punish women who have aborted, liars and homosexuals. The device was inserted into the vagina for women or the anus for men. When the executioner twisted the screw, the "petals" opened, tearing the flesh and bringing unbearable torment to the victims. Many then died from blood poisoning.

Pear of suffering.

How it works?

1) An instrument consisting of pointed, pear-shaped leaf-shaped segments is pushed by the client into the desired hole in the body; 2) The executioner gradually turns the screw on the top of the pear, while the “leaves” -segments bloom inside the martyr, causing hellish pain; 3) After the pear is opened completely, the guilty one receives internal injuries incompatible with life and dies in terrible agony, if he has not already fallen into unconsciousness before.

Diseases of the leaves of the crown of pear

Planting pears in spring with seedlings in the Urals

Diseases affecting roots, leaves or bark can cause trees to stop bearing fruit completely. These diseases cause great damage to plants, so you need to fight them in time in order to preserve the fruits. The main causative agents of diseases are fungi, viruses and bacteria.

Powdery mildew

The symptomatology of the disease is pronounced, since in early spring, when the leaves are just beginning to bloom, a kind of white bloom and curl appears on them. Over time, the affected leaves and shoots dry up and fall off.

Powdery mildew

Dried and affected branches must be destroyed away from the orchard. Periodically, apple and pear trees need to be treated with sulfite or foundation.

Important! In addition to chemical treatment agents, self-prepared solutions can be used during the fight against powdery mildew.For example, you can mix soda ash and liquid soap (in equal proportions of 10 g), and dissolve all this in a 10-liter bucket of warm water.

Rust

The disease can destroy the pear completely in a short time. Rust appears in the form of orange spots. The peak of the disease is in the fall. And if a juniper grows next to a pear, then we can say with confidence that the fungus hibernates in it.

Ash infusion is an excellent means of fighting rust. For preparation, you need to take 0.5 kg of wood ash and dissolve in 10 liters of water. Insist 2 days, and then spray the crown.

Rust

Black cancer treatment on a pear

The development of the disease is slow. For 2-3 years, a crack appears on the bark and begins to grow. What to do if the bark on the pear is cracked? The answer to this question is to cut off the affected areas with a sharp knife. In this case, it is necessary to capture healthy tissue as well. The newly formed wound should be urgently sprinkled with copper sulfate.

Important! Varieties not susceptible to the described disease: August dew and Samaryanka.

Cytosporosis

It is one of the most dangerous fungal diseases affecting the tree trunk. Symptoms are reddened and cracked bark.

Treatments are identical to those for black cancer.

The Moskvichka and Yanvarskaya varieties are resistant to this fungal disease.

Cytosporosis

Chlorosis

A dangerous disease not only for pear trees, but also for other fruit trees. The main symptoms of the disease are yellowed leaves.

The prevention of ailment is the timely treatment of the garden with a solution of copper sulfate or other preparations that contain iron.

There are a huge number of diseases affecting pear orchards, but preventive measures are almost the same in all cases. Therefore, in order for the garden to be healthy and give good yields, it must be carefully looked after, weekly inspecting the trees for the first signs of ailments.

Copper bull

The design of this death machine was developed by the ancient Greeks, or more precisely, the coppersmith Perillus, who sold his terrible bull to the Sicilian tyrant Phalaris, who simply adored torturing and killing people in unusual ways.

A living person was pushed inside the copper statue through a special door. And then Falaris first of all tested the unit on its creator - the greedy Perilla. Subsequently, Falaris himself was roasted in a bull.

Copper bull.

How it works?

1) The sacrifice is closed in a hollow copper statue of a bull; 2) A fire is made under the belly of the bull; 3) The victim is roasted alive; 4) The structure of the bull is such that the cries of the martyr are heard from the jaws of the statue, like a bull's roar; 5) Jewelry and amulets were made from the bones of the executed, which were sold in bazaars and were in great demand.

Rat torture was very popular in ancient China. However, we will take a look at the rat punishment technique developed by the leader of the 16th century Netherlands Revolution, Didrik Sonoi.

Torture with rats.

How it works?

1) The martyr, stripped naked, is laid on the table and tied; 2) Large, heavy cages with hungry rats are placed on the prisoner's stomach and chest. The bottom of the cages is opened with a special latch; 3) Hot coals are placed on top of the cages to stir up the rats; 4) Trying to escape from the heat of hot coals, rats gnaw their way through the flesh of the victim.

Bacterial burn - pear leaves turn brown

Bacterial burn is considered one of the most dangerous diseases that affects more than 100 plant species. In infected plants, the flowers turn brown and fall off, the tips of the branches turn black, and the leaves and shoots become covered with watery black spots.... The tree quickly takes on the appearance of being scorched by fire.

Pear Bacterial Burn

The bacteria that cause the disease can spread very quickly through the loans of the tree and cause tissue death. The rapid course of the disease cannot be defeated. It is only possible to prevent infection of other plants, so the diseased tree must be removed and burned, and the roots must be uprooted. How to deal with this disease?

If the disease was noticed at an early stage, it is necessary to cut out the affected branches, and treat the cut site and tools with a solution of iron (0.7%) or copper (1%) vitriol. Spraying plants with antibiotics will be effective:

• Streptomycin (50 μg / ml);
• Chloramphenicol (50 μg / ml);
• Rifampicin (50 mcg / ml);
• Gentamicin (50 μg / ml);
• Kanamycin (20 μg / ml).

You can also treat plants with Bordeaux mixture and spraying with copper-containing preparations 7-8 times per season.

There are no varieties that are resistant to this disease, but the susceptibility is different. The most susceptible varieties are: General Leclair, Triumph Pakgama, Duranda, Santa Maria, Williams.

Cradle of Judas

The Cradle of Judas was one of the most excruciating torture machines in the arsenal of the Suprema, the Spanish Inquisition. Victims usually died of infection, due to the fact that the torture machine's pointed seat was never disinfected. The cradle of Judas, as an instrument of torture, was considered "loyal", for it did not break bones and did not tear ligaments.

Cradle of Judas.

How it works?

1) The victim, whose hands and feet are tied, is seated on the top of a pointed pyramid; 2) The top of the pyramid is pierced into the anus or vagina; 3) With the help of ropes, the victim is gradually lowered lower and lower; 4) The torture continues for several hours or even days until the victim dies from powerlessness and pain, or from blood loss due to rupture of soft tissues.

Scab - fruits and leaves turn black, how to treat?

Pear scab is one of the most common diseases. With severe damage, not only the quality and quantity of fruits decreases, but also the trees dry out and freeze... The rapid development of the disease occurs if frequent precipitation and high temperatures contribute to the constant moisture of the plant.

Damage to pear fruits and leaves with scab

Scab is a fungal disease. The first sign is the appearance of rounded yellowish spots on all aboveground organs of the plant: branches, fruits, pedicels, leaves and petioles. Gradually, the spots necrotic, acquire a black color with a dark olive bloom. On the petioles and shoots in the affected area, tubercles are formed, which later transform into ulcers, cracks and dents. Dark spots with a light rim are formed on the fruit. The pulp under them stiffens, cracks appear, the fruits are deformed, and their quality and quantity are noticeably reduced.

The fight against the disease should be carried out in a comprehensive manner... In autumn, the affected leaves must be raked and burned, and the soil under the trees must be dug up. Thickened crowns should be thinned out, removing dry and damaged branches. Damaged young shoots must be removed immediately. During leaf fall, it is recommended to carry out treatment with ammonium sulfate (10-20%), silite (0.1%) or urea (8%).

In the spring, it is necessary to spray three times with protective fungicides: Bordeaux mixture (1%), copper oxychloride. The first time the trees should be sprayed before blooming, the second after flowering, and after another 2 weeks, the treatment should be carried out a third time.

Planting resistant varieties helps to reduce the risk of scab damage: Bere Bosk, Vrodliva, Tavricheskaya, Vystavochnaya, Kucheryanka, etc.

Rack

Probably the most famous and unsurpassed death machine called "rack". It was first experienced around AD 300. e. on the Christian martyr Vincent of Zaragoza.

Anyone who survived the rearing could no longer use their muscles and turned into a helpless vegetable.

Rack.

How it works?

one.This instrument of torture is a special bed with rollers at both ends, on which ropes were wound to hold the victim's wrists and ankles. With the rotation of the rollers, the ropes were pulled in opposite directions, stretching the body; 2. Ligaments on the victim's arms and legs are stretched and torn, bones pop out of the joints. 3. Another version of the rack was also used, called the strappado: it consisted of 2 pillars dug into the ground and connected by a crossbar. The person being interrogated was tied behind his back and lifted by a rope tied to his hands. Sometimes a log or other weights were attached to his tied legs. At the same time, the hands of the person raised on the rack were twisted back and often came out of the joints, so that the convict had to hang on the twisted hands. They were on the rack from several minutes to an hour or more. This type of rack was used most often in Western Europe. 4. In Russia, a suspect who was raised on a rack was beaten on the back with a whip, and “put on fire,” that is, they were driven over the body with burning brooms. 5. In some cases, the executioner broke the ribs of a person hanging on a rack with red-hot pincers.

Rust - why did yellow spots appear and what to do?

Signs of rust on pear leaves
Signs of rust usually appear on all green frequent plants immediately after flowering. A characteristic sign of the disease are rounded, large yellow spots, sometimes with a purple rim, yellow-green on the underside of the leaf blade... Over time, black dots appear on the surface, the spots swell and burst. Affected plants have decreased immunity and winter hardiness.

The pear is only an intermediate host for this fungus. The main host plant is juniper. Therefore, in order to avoid infection, you should not plant these plants nearby.

Most often, the disease appears in autumn, in wet weather, in regions where the host plant is found in the wild or in household plots. At the first sign of rust, a systemic fungicide treatment is recommended.

In spring, trees must be sprayed twice with Bordeaux mixture (1%): during bud break and after flowering. In autumn, the affected leaves and fruits should be destroyed, and shoots with signs of damage should be removed. Trees are recommended to be treated with a solution of urea (7%) after the leaves have fallen off. You can also use fungicides: Bayleton, Skor, Topsin M, Fundazol, Delan, Tarsel.

In regions with a high likelihood of rust, it is better to grow varieties that are relatively resistant to the disease: Skorospelka, Summer Duchess, Ilyinka, Summer Williams, etc.

Shiri (camel cap)

A monstrous fate awaited those whom the Juanzhuans (a union of nomadic Turkic-speaking peoples) took into slavery. They destroyed the memory of the slave with terrible torture - putting a width on the victim's head. Usually this fate befell young men captured in battles.

Shiri.

How it works?

1. First, the slaves' heads were shaved baldly, each hair was carefully scraped out at the root. 2. Executors slaughtered the camel and refreshed its carcass, first of all, separating its heaviest, densenest part. 3. Dividing it into pieces, it was immediately pulled in paired form over the shaved heads of the prisoners. These pieces covered the heads of the slaves like a plaster. This meant putting on a shir. 4. After putting on the width, the neck of the doomed was shackled into a special wooden block so that the subject could not touch his head to the ground. In this form, they were taken away from crowded places so that no one could hear their heartbreaking cries, and were thrown there in an open field, with their hands and feet tied, in the sun, without water and without food. 5. The torture lasted 5 days. 6. Only a few survived, and the rest died not from hunger or even from thirst, but from the unbearable, inhuman torment caused by the drying rawhide camel skin shrinking on the head.Compressing inexorably under the rays of the scorching sun, it squeezed wide, squeezed the shaved head of a slave like an iron hoop. Already on the second day, the shaved hair of the martyrs began to sprout. Coarse and straight Asian hair sometimes grew into rawhide, in most cases, finding no way out, the hair curled and again left the ends in the scalp, causing even greater suffering. Within a day, the person lost his mind. Only on the fifth day did the zhuanzhuans come to check whether any of the prisoners had survived. If at least one of the tortured was found alive, it was believed that the goal had been achieved. 7. Anyone who underwent such a procedure, either died, could not bear the torture, or lost his memory for a lifetime, turned into a mankurt - a slave who does not remember his past. 8. The skin of one camel was enough for five to six widths.

Black cancer: signs and treatments

Black Pear Cancer
The disease affects the bark of skeletal branches and stem. Numerous small depressed necrotic spots appear on the bark near the lentils.... On thin branches, lentils begin to grow, on thick ones, abundant gum flow appears. The resulting wounds gradually increase in size, and the bark around it becomes brown. Reddish spots may appear on leaves and fruits. Several types of fungi can cause similar symptoms, and not only pome crops, but also stone fruits suffer from the disease. With a strong infection, the tree dies.

There are no chemical methods to combat this disease. Therefore, the main focus should be on prevention.

To do this, it is better to remove diseased plants, and at the initial stage of infection, cut off all damaged branches to healthy wood. Wounds on the trunk must be cleaned up to healthy wood, treated with a solution of copper sulfate and covered with clay with the addition of mullein.

Spanish water torture

In order to best carry out the procedure for this torture, the accused was placed on one of the types of rack or on a special large table with a rising middle part. After the victim's arms and legs were tied to the edges of the table, the executioner proceeded to work in one of several ways. One of these methods was to force the victim with a funnel to swallow a large amount of water, then beat the inflated and arched abdomen.

Torture with water.

Another form involved placing a rag tube in the victim's throat, through which water was slowly poured, which caused the victim to swell and suffocate. If that was not enough, the tube was pulled out, causing internal damage, and then reinserted and the process repeated. Sometimes they used cold water torture. In this case, the accused lay naked on the table for hours under a stream of ice cold water. It is interesting to note that this kind of torture was considered easy, and the confessions obtained in this way were accepted by the court as voluntary and given to the defendants without torture. Most often, this torture was used by the Spanish Inquisition in order to beat confessions from heretics and witches.

Stem diseases

Diseases of the trunk and branches are no less dangerous for the crop and for the life of the tree. But it is harder to recognize them, since they appear more often first on the leaves. But they are not the problem. While the gardener is trying to figure out what happened to the plant, precious time is wasted.

Black cancer

Among the people, the disease is called Antonov fire. The disease develops over several years.

How to identify a disease

It shows up as small cracks in the trunk and main branches. Wet brown spots appear on the bark. These are open wounds in which bacteria, germs and fungi enter. They cause diseases that can destroy crops and trees.

Treatment

To heal a pear, cut off the affected areas of the bark, capturing the healthy one.Disinfect the cut with copper sulfate and cover it with clay with mullein or garden pitch.

Prevention measures for pear disease

Remove fallen leaves in time and burn them. Also, be careful about the planting material, choose proven nurseries.

Cytosporosis or stem rot

The fungal disease is popularly called stem rot. Occurs due to frostbite and sunburn.

Description of a pear patient with cytosporosis

The disease manifests itself in spots on the trunk. They have a reddish brown tint. In these places, the bark dries up. If the disease is not treated in time, the pear will die.

Treatment

Treatment for cytosporosis is exactly the same as for black cancer. Cut off the diseased bark and lubricate the wounds with garden pitch or clay with mullein. Pruning periodically, remove dried and damaged shoots.

Bacterial cancer - Bacteriosis

The disease affects many horticultural crops. It affects all parts of the tree, slowly leading to death. Bacteriosis can appear at different stages of pear growth. But remember, young seedlings, he destroys completely.

Signs of the disease

Bacteriosis resembles frostbite, but manifests itself in spots. Flowers, as soon as they bloom, immediately begin to fade, turn black, but remain on the tree. Then it is transmitted to the leaves, which are also covered with blackness, but remain in place. Then rapidly increasing ulcers appear on the bark. They become soft, covered with a whitish bloom, a yellowish liquid is released. The disease develops rapidly, causing the death of the culture.

In places of damage, the bark dries out, is pressed in and forms a roller on the border with the healthy part. The fungus hibernates and begins to develop with renewed vigor.

In its neglected form, the disease is transmitted to the fetus. They turn black, rot and fall off.

Treatment

If signs of illness are found, immediately remove the affected areas. Lubricate the cut with mullein clay or garden varnish. Spray the tree with Bordeaux mixture in the spring. If an infection develops, spray the crown with Fitolavin-300, Abiga-Peak. It is also useful to increase immunity with Silk, Zircon and Immunocytophyte.

It is advisable to remove diseased trees from the site.

Pear Bacterial Burn

This is one of the most dangerous diseases that can destroy the entire crop and even trees completely. Bacteria cause disease. It is spread by insects, and bacterial burns are transmitted downwind during rain. The site has a separate article on pear blight, we recommend it.

Pear affected by fire blight

How to identify a fire blight

It appears on flowers that quickly wither and fall off. As a result, the crop will not grow. Blackness also appears on the leaves. They also wither and curl. The bark, trunk and branches slowly die off. The tree dies.

Even if the disease is seen on one branch, it will soon spread throughout the entire pear.

Treatment

First of all, destroy all affected areas so that the infection does not spread further. Capture up to 20 cm of healthy areas of the tree. Treat the sections with antibiotics, you can also spray the entire tree. Treat with Bordeaux liquid before the growing season.

Root cancer

The disease is caused by bacteria. It is often found in young seedlings. An ailment begins on the roots of a pear, manifesting itself as growths of various shapes in size. They are whitish in color and become soft the size of peas. The growths grow up to 12-15 cm in diameter, then turn stiff. Because of them, the nutrition of the pear roots worsens.

Why is root cancer dangerous?

The disease can cause the death of all seedlings and deprive the crop. At first, active growth is observed, and then development stops. The tree withers and dies.

Treatment

The infected plants are dug up, soaked for 10 days in copper sulfate. If the disease is very severe, burn the seedlings.

Prophylaxis

Plant mustard nearby to reduce the risk of infection. Do a thorough inspection before planting young plants. Disinfect the roots and the entire seedling with Bordeaux mixture or zinc sulfate solution.

Spanish armchair

This instrument of torture was widely used by the executioners of the Spanish Inquisition and was a chair made of iron, on which the prisoner was seated, and his legs were enclosed in blocks attached to the legs of the chair. When he found himself in such a completely helpless position, a brazier was placed under his feet; with hot coals, so that the legs began to slowly roast, and in order to prolong the poor man's suffering, the legs were poured with oil from time to time.

Spanish armchair.

Another version of the Spanish chair was often used, which was a metal throne, to which the victim was tied and a fire was made under the seat, frying the buttocks. The famous poisoner La Voisin was tortured on such a chair during the famous Poisoning Case in France.

Cytosporosis - the bark bursts and the branches dry out

Cytosporosis is considered a disease of old weakened gardens that are in poor physiological condition and are constantly freezing. Numerous black tubercles appear on annual shoots and the branches die.... Ulcers appear on the thick branches, which constantly grow until they completely cover the entire branch. The bark turns reddish-brown and dries up. Gum flow may be observed.

Cytosporosis on the bark of a pear

No chemicals are used to fight the disease... To avoid cytosporosis, it is necessary to remove the affected branches and trees, which are the main source of infection. When creating gardens, it is necessary to give preference to zoned varieties that will not freeze, and also maintain a high agricultural background.

Gridiron (grate for torture by fire)

This type of torture is often mentioned in the lives of saints - real and invented, but there is no evidence that Gridiron "lived" until the Middle Ages and had even a small circulation in Europe. It is usually described as an ordinary metal grate 6 feet long and two and a half wide, set horizontally on legs so that a fire can be made underneath.

Sometimes gridiron was made in the form of a rack in order to be able to resort to combined torture.

Saint Lawrence was martyred on a similar lattice.

This torture was rarely used. Firstly, it was easy enough to kill the person being interrogated, and secondly, there were a lot of simpler, but no less cruel tortures.

Preventive actions

Prevention of pear diseases should be regular. Tree protection should be carried out in a comprehensive manner.

1. Choose seedlings from proven nurseries.
2. After working with diseased plants, treat the instrument with chlorhexidine or alcohol.
3. Do not leave fallen leaves and fruits under the trees.
4. Thin the crown regularly, removing diseased and weak branches.
5. Clean and whitewash the trunks.
6. Perform timely insect control procedures.

In order to get a decent harvest from a pear tree, an attentive and competent approach is required. You need to be able to notice the first signs of a plant ailment, to know why the leaves and branches on the pear turn black, how to treat it and what preventive measures to take.

Bloody eagle

One of the most ancient tortures, during which the victim was tied face down and the back was opened, the ribs were broken off at the spine and spread apart like wings. In Scandinavian legends, it is stated that during such an execution, the victims were sprinkled with salt.

Bloody eagle.

Many historians claim that this torture was used by pagans in relation to Christians, others are sure that spouses convicted of treason were punished in this way, and still others argue that the bloody eagle is just a terrible legend.

Pest infestation

The leaf can also turn black due to damage to the pear by harmful parasitic insects. Next, we will get acquainted with the most dangerous of pests, we will learn how to deal with them.

Medianitsa

This pest can be found in three varieties:

• spotted;
• yellow;
• red.

They are all dangerous for the pear.Adult insects remain to winter in the bark of a tree, damaged branches, and in the spring they lay eggs, hatch offspring, larvae. The pest releases a sticky substance in the course of its life, which becomes a favorable environment for the appearance and development of a sooty fungus.

Treatment

They get rid of the sucker in the spring by conducting preventive spraying at the very beginning of the season, as soon as it gets warmer.

Choose a windless and sunny day, treat the tree with the following preparations:

• Sherla;
• Aktara;
• Dimilin;
• Fastak.

Processing must be carried out in several stages:

• the first spraying destroys adults;
• the second, carried out before flowering, copes with most of the larvae;
• the third, after flowering, destroys the surviving larvae.

From folk remedies, a soap-kerosene emulsion helps well against honeydew. Prepare the drug by mixing kerosene and laundry soap in water. It is necessary to spray the pear in the spring: it will effectively destroy the pests that have overwintered in the tree.

Gall mite

This pest outwardly resembles a miniature spider; it hibernates on a tree, laying its eggs in the buds in the spring. The insect and its larvae feed on pear juices, sucking them out of plant tissues.

If measures are not taken, the tick can destroy not only a particular tree, but almost the entire garden. And this is despite the miniature size of individual individuals.

Treatment

In the spring, preventive treatment for gall bream is carried out using special preparations-acaricides. Keep in mind that conventional insecticides are ineffective against ticks.

The following remedies are recommended:

• Karbofos;
• Keltan;
• Inta-Vir;
• Decis.

Treatments should be carried out in 2-3 stages with a distance of 10 days.

Aphid

A common microscopic pest that forms entire colonies on plants. Aphids are uniquely fertile and can form a huge family in a limited period.

Insects drink tree juices, and also contribute to pear fungus. In addition, aphids can easily move to neighboring plants, affecting them too. More often than others, green, red and brown aphids attack the pear.

The first signs of aphid damage are also noticeable with the naked eye: symptoms appear in early spring and appear as darkening, curling of foliage into a tube. Gradually, the leaves turn black completely, fall off. Most of all, the pest loves young foliage, therefore, fresh shoots suffer in the first place.

Treatment

They get rid of this danger using both folk methods and chemical, artificial means. Of the popular methods, celandine juice, dandelion infusion, onion peel tincture and soap solution are especially popular.

From "chemistry" are used:

• in early spring - Kinmiks;
• during the formation of the kidneys - Agravertin;
• after flowering - the drug Iskra.

Aphids should be dealt with throughout the season and comprehensively. You cannot get rid of this annoying parasite completely at once.

Spanish boot

This is such an attachment on the leg with a metal plate, which with each question and the subsequent refusal to answer it as required, tightened more and more in order to break the bones of the legs. To enhance the effect, sometimes the inquisitor was connected to the torture, who hit the mount with a hammer. Often, after such torture, all the bones of the victim below the knee were shattered, and the wounded skin looked like a bag for these bones.

Spanish boot.

Diseases of the fetus

All parts of pears can suffer from diseases: leaves, shoots, trunks and fruits. Due to viruses and fungi, the crop can be completely damaged. The gardener needs to carefully monitor the standing of the fruit tree in order to prevent the disease in time. To carry out control measures, you need to correctly identify the disease.

Scab on pears

This is a fungal disease. Garden and horticultural plants suffer from it.This is the most common pear disease. It can even be transmitted to leaves.

Description of the scab on the pear

At the initial stage, the leaf plates are affected, and then the sore moves to the fruit. Dark olive spots appear on them, slightly velvety, and then spots of a putrid nature of a dark color on the pears themselves. The peel cracks, deformation occurs, and taste is lost.

Scab treatment methods

It is best to fight scab on a pear by spraying trees with 1% Bordeaux mixture 3 times, from spring to autumn:

• during the appearance of leaves;
• when buds appear;
• after falling flowers and fruit ovary.

If a disease is detected, treat the scab pear with fungicides, for example, Skor, Dnok, Nitrafen. Strictly follow the instructions.

Prophylaxis

It is easier to cope with the disease with preventive measures. It is necessary to periodically thin out the crown of the tree to ensure proper ventilation and oxygen access. Be sure to remove fallen fruits, prevent them from rotting, and regularly loosen the ground around the tree.

Fruit rot

It is also a fungal disease that can destroy an entire crop. It is also called moniliosis.

Description of the disease

Brown spots appear on the pear, on which grayish growths are formed. In fact, this fungus spreads its spores in the wind and infects healthy plants. The pulp begins to rot, the fruits fall off. The palatability is greatly reduced.

Control measures

The disease manifests itself in the middle of summer during the ripening of pears, especially if the weather is hot and humid. If you find affected fruits, remove them from the tree and destroy.

Prophylaxis

As a preventive measure, treat fruit trees with a solution of Bordeaux liquid. It is useful to rinse the leaves with a solution of lime: 1 kg of substance per bucket of water. Top dressing from a mixture of Aktofit, Baikal, Zdorovy Sad, Ekoberin is effective. It helps to strengthen the plant's immune system.

Sooty fungus

Blackening of leaves and fruits is caused by a disease - Sooty fungus. Plants affected by aphids and with reduced immunity are at risk, since the secretions of these insects are a favorable environment for the reproduction of the fungus.

Signs of a sooty fungus

First, the leaf plates turn black. Then in the second half the fruits turn black. It looks like black soot has appeared on the pears. But it is a fungus that develops.

Treatment

If damaged leaves and fruits are found, use Fitoverm fungicide. As a preventive measure, use the Calypso insecticide to prevent aphids from settling on the tree. Read on for other ways to get rid of aphids on garden plants.

Visual signs, diagnosis of pear diseases

1. Leaf plate changes:
   yellow spots - chlorosis;
2. orange - rust;
3. white-yellow or white-green spots of clear geometry - mosaic disease;
4. milky leaf color with a pearlescent shade - milky shine;
5. brown spots - black cancer or moniliosis;
6. yellowing of leaves - bacterial burn;
7. blackening of leaves - scab, hydrothermal burn;
8. unnatural thorn-like growths on the lower surface of the leaf plate - etsidia, where spores mature. This is characteristic of progressive rust;
9. Bark changes:
   rupture of the bark - sun-frost burn, black cancer;
10. unnatural growths on the bark of branches and trunk, changing color to black - cancer;
11. reddish-brown color of the bark, which cannot be exfoliated - cytoporosis;
12. Unnatural curvature of branches, their flattening - grooved wood.
13. Changes during the flowering period:
    flowers crumble before the formation of an ovary - powdery mildew;
14. flowers dry up, turn brown - black cancer, fire blight.
15. Fruit changes:

    
    mummification of fetuses - black cancer or moniliosis;

16. fruits soften - fruit rot;
17. fruits crumble - chlorosis, moniliosis;
18. fruits harden with loss of consumer qualities - scab.

Wood pests and their destruction

Pear trees are affected not only by diseases and pests of pears that can cause significant damage to their health.

Pear Copper

Among the people - a listobush. It wakes up earlier than others and settles in pear trees. With the beginning of sap flow, the parasite is ready to attack. He is attracted by the juice, which she diligently sucks. Subsequently, the defeat of the shoots dry up simultaneously with the foliage and fruits. The parasite has a yellow-green color, the body length is no more than 2-4 mm. The larvae are highlighted in bright orange. Trees can be protected by spraying with Karbofos, Rovikurt, Benzophosphate or Kilzar.

Sawyer

A favorite place for laying sawfly eggs is the inner part of the receptacle of large buds. The matured larvae do not rush out, they feed on the fruit pulp. For three weeks of its development, there are 3-4 destroyed fruits for each larva. The lack of an adequate response from the gardener leads to the loss of most of the crop. To defeat the increase in the number of insects, regular digging of near-trunk circles, timely loosening of the upper layer of soil allows. It is advisable to spray pears with preparations containing organophosphorus compounds, "Agravertin", broths of yarrow or tobacco leaves.

Pear trees also attack tree pests

Hawthorn butterfly

A butterfly with beautiful white wings, lined with thin black lines, is a frequent visitor to garden plots. Growing larvae and juveniles are vegetatively omnivorous and gluttonous. They destroy foliage, ovary buds and blossoming flowers. The insect can be defeated by destroying the nests arranged in rolled sheet plates wrapped in cobweb threads. The treatment of the crown and trunks with Chlorophos helps.

Galovi mite

A parasitic insect capable of hibernating in the dried remains of bark and wood, it has high vitality. As the temperature rises, the mite climbs onto the surface of the foliage. The pulp of the leaves serves as food for the parasites, which suck the juice out of them. At the site of attachment, galls swell, which eventually grow together into a tumor formation.

It is difficult to spot the parasite - its dimensions do not exceed 2.5 mm. Its body is white and pink in color. Insects have a detrimental effect on the development and vitality of a culture. A solution of colloidal sulfur, organophosphorus and chlorine-containing preparations helps to fight the tick. Processing is carried out twice a season with an interval of 60 days.