Kishmish grapes in central Russia. What varieties can survive under these conditions?

"Varieties" Features of the KishMish grape variety

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Kishmish is a subspecies of seedless grapes. The seeds in the berries are completely absent or hardly noticeable. Kishmish belongs to dessert varieties, it is eaten raw or raisins and other useful products are made. There are many varieties of raisins, they have their own characteristics and characteristics of cultivation.

Kishmish grapes

The benefits of KishMish grapes have been repeatedly discussed by doctors and cosmetologists. Berries are used as an ingredient in masks.

Origin story

The word "kishmish" comes from Persia. The literal translation is "dried grapes". The homeland of the variety is Central Asia, and the first mention of Kishmish is found in an old Uzbek fairy tale of the 13th century.

In Kishmish, unlike other types of grapes, the seeds are very small, or there are none at all.

Such grapes owe their appearance to natural mutation. Winegrowers, noticing the results of natural "selection", continued their experiments.

As a result, many varieties and varieties of Kishmish were obtained - white, pink, dark.

Description

Kishmish combines a group of varieties with similar botanical features and characteristics:

• Bunches. Dense or slightly loose. The berries are medium. The color of the fruit depends on the variety.
• Berries. With a dense structure, lying. Does not contain seeds. There are hybrid varieties in which the seeds are very small and undeveloped, and are practically not felt.
• Pulp. Very sweet, contains a lot of sugars - 18-25%. Kishmish is a grape ideal for the production of raisins. Seedless sweet berries are just what you need for this popular and valuable product.

Kishmish is a grape ideal for the production of raisins. Seedless sweet berries are just what you need for this popular and valuable product.

Kishmish grapes

It is known for its sweet taste and lack of seeds in berries. Kishmish grapes are grown throughout the Russian Federation.

Description and characteristics

The name of this species comes from a Persian word that translates as "dried grapes". Kishmish has such small bones that they are practically not felt when eating. This grape is not a deliberate breeder, but a naturally occurring mutation.

For your information! Since the quality of these berries attracted the attention of gardeners, various varieties were continued on the basis of this species.

Kishmish fruits are collected in dense, slightly loose clusters. The berries are medium in size. Their color differs in different varieties.

Kishmish berries are dense and well preserved. Most of the varieties have no seeds at all, however, some have them, but very small, which are not felt when eaten. The pulp is sweet. The sugar content in grapes is 18-25%.

Grape harvest Kishmish is the joy of any gardener

Advantages and disadvantages

This variety, in accordance with the description, has the following advantages:

• keeps well during the winter (at least 180 days);
• easily transfers transportation;
• has beneficial properties for the body;
• good productivity;
• pleasant sweet taste.

The disadvantages include weak resistance to diseases (gray rot, mildew) and low frost resistance (up to −18 ° C).

Raisins are made from Kishmish

Note! On the Internet you can find "Kish Mish grapes", but this is a mistake. In the State Register, this variety appears only as Kishmish.

Scope of application

This grape is used not only for food, but also for making high quality raisins. The fact that it lacks bones makes it possible to make a high-quality product. Also, this grape is actively used for the production of wines and juices. It is characterized by sweetness and high calorie content.

Note! This plant can be used for decorative purposes.

Growing areas

Initially, this super-early variety grew in the southern regions of the country. After the breeders worked on Kishmish, varieties were bred that grow well in a significant part of the territory of Russia.

The best growing conditions are in the Crimea. Kishmishnye grape varieties are grown in the Middle Belt - areas south of Saratov and Barnaul.

For your information! Experienced gardeners take up hardier varieties in more northerly areas and are often successful.

Suitable region and climate

Kishmish left the borders of Central Asia long ago - today this grape is grown in a wide variety of climates. There are varieties - early maturing and frost-resistant, which thrive in regions with severe winters and short summers.

But most of all, this grape loves sandy soils, rich in potassium and phosphorus, and a light wind. Ideal conditions for the growth of raisins are in the Crimea.

The northern border of distribution stretched along the line Kiev-Saratov-Barnaul. But it does not stop experienced gardeners - they manage to grow frost-resistant varieties of raisins much to the north.

Of course, for the winter, raisins in regions with frosty winters must be covered.

Popular varieties

Thanks to selection, many southern crops, previously not available for most regions of the Russian Federation, today grow successfully in a temperate climate, in Siberia, in the Urals.

Consider the most popular varieties of raisins that can withstand Russian frosts.

Radiant

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This is the only variety of raisins included in the State Register for today. "Radiant" is recommended for the Lower Volga and North Caucasian regions. The variety is mid-season, ripens in 125-130 days.

Clusters are cone-shaped, of medium size, weighing about 400 g. Some specimens reach a weight of 1 kg, and in length - 40 cm. Berries are elongated-ovoid, with dense pink skin. The weight of the berries is 2.5-4 g.

There is a nutmeg flavor.

Pros:

• very tasty berries, tasting score - 9 out of 10;
• high yield - more than 120 centners per hectare;
• resistance to gray rot, mildew and powdery mildew;
• berries tolerate transportation well.

Minuses:

• low frost resistance;
• high yield turns into a disadvantage - grape branches often break under the weight of bunches;
• due to the high yield, there may also be a crumbling of berries, a decrease in their sugar content.

Moldavian

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Kishmish of medium ripening. From the moment the buds open to the ripening of the berries, 155 days pass. Bushes vigorous, with large clusters. The weight of the bunches is 600 g.

Fruits are round or oval, light purple with a waxy coating.

The weight of the berries is 4-6 g.

Pros:

• pleasant, harmonious taste;
• winter storage - 180 days;
• well transported.

Minuses:

• low resistance to mildew, gray rot and leafworm;
• frost resistance is satisfactory - the variety can withstand frosts down to minus 18 ° С.

White

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It takes 160-175 days for the fruit to fully ripen. This medium late variety can be grown in the middle lane. Bunches of medium size, cylindrical.

Weight - up to 250 g. Fruits are small. Color - lemon or amber yellow. The skin is transparent, thin. The berries are sweet and sour.

Pros:

• average frost resistance;
• delicious berries;
• no bones.

Minuses:

• low yields;
• low resistance to diseases and pests;
• poorly transported.

Due to the poor transportability of White raisins, it is more often used for drying than for making wines and juices.

Rusball

The grapes ripen in 115-125 days. It has large, conical bunches, weighing 1 kg. Berries are oval, white. Very large.

Weight - 8-10 g. The taste is pleasant. In the pulp come across rudimentary seeds.

Pros:

• high frost resistance - up to minus 25 ° C;
• consistently high yield;
• resistance to fungal infections;
• obtaining high quality raisins;
• attractive presentation;
• tolerates transportation well;
• suitable for table use and for drying.

Minuses:

• branches under the load of the crop can be overloaded and broken - normalization is needed;
• seeds are found in berries;
• cracking of berries occurs in rainy weather.

There is an improved version of Rusbol - improved Rusbol, also known as 13-3-6-2 Elf. It ripens earlier.

Century

Grape "Century" represents the American group of raisins. It was taken out in 1966, but it is still very popular today.

It ripens at 120-125 days, therefore it belongs to the mid-season varieties. The plant is vigorous, with conical, medium-dense clusters.

The weight of the bunches is 700-1200 g. The color of the berries is yellow-green. Weight - 6-9 g.

Pros:

• large bunches;
• sweet, homogeneous, slightly crunchy pulp;
• balanced taste with nutmeg aroma;
• resistance to cracking of berries;
• a large number of bunches on the vine;
• berries are suitable for the production of raisins;
• good frost resistance - up to minus 25 ° С.

Minus - not good keeping quality. When stored, the berries quickly acquire a brown tint, lose their visual appeal.

The “Century” variety is better known to gardeners as “Centenel Seedlis” which means “seedless century”.

Jupiter

This is one of the youngest varieties of raisins. It was bred in the USA. The berries ripen in 105-125 days. The bushes are medium-sized, frost-resistant, self-pollinating.

The bunches are cylindrical, with a "wing", converging into a cone. The berries are large, oval, dark blue, with a nutmeg aroma.

Weight of bunches - 200-500 g, berries - 4-7 g. The variety is used for drying and fresh food.

Pros:

• dense skin does not allow wasps to damage the berries;
• stable yield;
• withstands 30 degree frosts;
• good transportability.

Minuses:

• berries crumble if the bunches are not collected in time;
• sometimes there are rudiments of seeds.

Zaporizhzhya

The variety was named after the city where it was bred. The bunches are conical, large, weighing up to 1.5 kg. The weight of the berries is 2-2.5 g. The shape is oval, the color is dark purple.

Ripens very quickly - in 110-120 days.

Pros:

• consistently abundant fruiting;
• unpretentious to care;
• beautiful and tasty fruits;
• self-pollinates, is a good pollinator for other varieties;
• not afraid of mildew, rot and oidium;
• withstands frosts down to minus 26 ° C.

Minuses:

• small berries;
• due to overload, branches may break off - you need to prune large stepsons;
• the berries are somewhat watery;
• fruits gain sugar content late;
• enhanced education of stepchildren;
• berries are poorly stored;
• fruits are attacked by wasps - for some reason these insects love Zaporozhye raisins more than other varieties.

Hungarian 342

This is one of the most popular dessert varieties of raisins. It belongs to the early ripening category, it takes from 110 to 115 days to ripen the fruits. Vigorous plants with large clusters.

The weight of the brushes is 300-500 g. The pulp is of a delicate consistency, the taste of nutmeg is felt. The color of the berries is light green with a golden sheen. Weight - 2-3.5 g. Fruit shape - ovoid.

Pros:

• frost resistance - up to minus 26 ° С;
• fruits are ideal for drying;
• increased resistance to fungal diseases;
• the skin is thin, the fruits are easily absorbed, including by the child's body.

Minuses:

• bunches not picked on time lose their commercial properties;
• berries may have a rudimentary feature - bones;
• medium-sized bunches.

Veles

Early ripening variety. The ripening period is 95-105 days. Self-pollinating variety, but in the presence of pollinating varieties, the yield increases by 20%. The bunches are very large - weighing up to 3 kg.

The shape of the bunches is cylindrical or conical. The fruits are large, oval, light pink, with an amber tint. The berries appear transparent. Weight - 5 g.

The aroma has notes of nutmeg.

Pros:

• very thin skin;
• no bones;
• high productivity;
• ripe bunches, remaining on the vine, do not lose their taste for up to 45 days;
• pleasant taste, with a nutmeg undertone;
• berries, ripe, do not crumble.

Minuses:

• medium frost resistance - up to 21 ° C, the variety needs shelter;
• clusters are attacked by bees;
• in rain and dampness, the presentation of berries deteriorates.

About the Rylines Pink Seedles variety

This grape is a guest from the States. Vigorous bushes, bunches of cylindrical-conical shape, moderate density, weight from 100 to 300 g. Berries are small, 1.4 - 2 g, pink color, pleasant taste, has a slight labrus aroma. Berries are juicy, soft, rudiments, if found, then very small. Sugar up to 24%, acidity from 6 to 7 g / l.

Ripening period - 105-115 days, very early.

Dignity - increased resistance to mildew, excellent frost resistance (up to -27 ° C), hangs on the bushes for a long time, even when crumbled, retains its marketable form, pleasant labrus taste, which is compared with strawberries, strawberries, pineapple, duchess, barberry, good transportability.

disadvantages - at high humidity during ripening, the berries crack, small berries.

Like any light-loving plant, it should be planted in a well-arranged place. There are no special requirements, it grows well on any soil, with the exception of highly moist, and saline.

Generally accepted landing dates.

Does not require shelter for the winter, unpretentious.

Advantages and disadvantages

Kishmish is a popular group of varieties that, according to reviews, winegrowers and ordinary amateur gardeners value for:

• lack of seeds - berries are easy to eat fresh and for processing;
• versatility - the fruits are used to make raisins, wines, juices;
• sweetness and excellent taste;
• relatively high frost resistance - up to minus 25 ° C;
• good pollination ability - excellent pollinators are obtained from all varieties of raisins;
• nutritional value and medicinal properties of berries - they support the heart muscle, normalize blood pressure;
• high yield - 200-250 centners per hectare;
• early maturity;
• good rooting of cuttings and high-quality ripening of fruits even in the northern regions;
• safety of presentation and taste during long-term transportation;
• fruit resistance to cracking under temperature and humidity changes;
• the external attractiveness of the plant - raisins can be used for decorative purposes.

Disadvantages:

• In some varieties, the fruits, overripe, are prone to shedding - you have to be vigilant about their ripening in order to harvest on time.
• Satisfactory resistance to gray rot, mildew and mildew - the bushes need regular treatment.

Testimonials

In general, the reviews about this variety are positive - Radiant Kishmish grapes are appreciated by professionals and are loved by ordinary gardeners for their high yield, frost resistance, relative unpretentiousness and wonderful taste of berries.

Many note a high level of survival of the bushes, and the seedling can bloom in the first year. Some talk about the need to trim the lashes, since high-quality brushes are not obtained on weak shoots.

And almost everyone likes the excellent taste of the fruits of this grape.No wonder, according to the tasting assessment, it has 9.8 points out of a possible 10. Of all the "raisins" varieties, this is the most delicious and aromatic. They also note the fertility of the variety and the fact that it gives the first harvest already in the second or third year after planting.

There are also negative reviews - some note the plant's high susceptibility to diseases. However, this problem can be easily dealt with if we carry out competent preventive treatments. In any case, the high yield and great taste of the berries will compensate for all the trouble.

Experienced gardeners advise growing this variety on arches or trellises so that the bunches can be ventilated - this measure greatly reduces the likelihood of a plant becoming infected with a fungus.

Landing

Site selection

Recommendations for choosing a site for planting Kishmish:

1. Good sunshine is necessary - these grapes will not grow in dense shade.
2. There should be no trees nearby - competition for water and nutrients will begin.
3. Drafts and gusty winds are excluded, grapes need peace and comfort.
4. The best option is a sunny area facing south or southwest, flat or with a slight slope.
5. Not a bad solution - landing at the structure that covers the north. Usually grapes are planted near the stone walls of sheds, garages, etc. But this should not be done near the walls of a residential building - due to abundant irrigation, the foundation may settle.

Kishmish is able to grow on any soil, but it bears fruit best of all on loose and nutritious soils - they quickly, warming up, promote the penetration of moisture and oxygen to the roots.

Similar properties are typical for loamy and light loamy soils, as well as for chernozems on calcareous and chalk rocks.

A suitable option is sandstones, but it should be borne in mind that they quickly lose water and nutrients.

It is impossible to plant Kishmish on soils located closer than 1 m to rocks, also in swampy and saline areas.

The sweetness of Kishmish depends on the amount of sun. Light shading is allowed only in the first years of growth.

This grape is distinguished by vigorous bushes, so they can be easily taken out into the zone of maximum illumination.

Soil preparation

Prepare the soil in advance. If the grapes are to be planted in the spring, then the site is prepared in the fall.

Proceed in the following sequence:

1. Clear area from all unnecessary - remove stones, weeds and their roots, level the surface.
2. Dig up section 65-70 cm deep. For digging, add humus - 3-4 kg per 1 sq. m, and superphosphate - 100 g per 1 sq. m.
3. When digging do not try to break up large lumps - during the winter they will accumulate a lot of moisture, and in the spring they will fall apart.
4. If necessary correct the composition of the soil - if it is acidic, add 1-1.5 kg of phosphate rock. If the soil is heavy, clayey - add coarse sand, humus and crushed stones. Loose sandy soils require peat, manure or black soil.

Landing dates

Kishmish can be planted both in autumn and spring. In the homeland of the variety, and in the southern regions of Russia, grapes are usually planted in autumn - in October or November.

A month and a half before frost, the root system of the grapes has time to get used to new conditions, and the seedling - to get stronger and take root.

In regions with frosty winters, it is preferable to plant Kishmish in the spring - so that the seedlings do not suffer during sudden frosts. Spring planting is carried out before the onset of sap flow, when the plant is still asleep.

The optimum soil temperature is + 10 ° С. Grapes are not planted in colder soil - the roots may freeze. Usually such conditions are created in April-May.

In the fall, seedlings are planted; for planting cuttings, the best time is spring.

Selection of seedlings

All subsequent development of grapes and its productivity depend on the health of the planting material.

How to choose seedlings for planting:

1. The transplant is best tolerated by young planting material - 1-2 years old.
2. The root system must be strong, strong, free from defects and traces of disease. Let the seller cut off a piece of the root so that you can look at the cut - if it is light, then the roots are alive.
3. The stem should be even, without traces of infection. If there are spots, sagging and thickening on the trunk, such a seedling is not suitable for planting.
4. The seedling must have at least one annual growth, and it must be quite thick, and it must have buds.

How to plant?

Before planting, the roots of the seedling are placed in water for several days so that it absorbs the required amount of moisture. Pits are prepared 2-3 weeks at the latest.

Planting seedlings of raisins:

1. Dig out a pit with a depth of 70-80 cm. The diameter should be approximately the same - 80-100 cm. This value is necessary for a comfortable placement of the root system - it will develop well only in loose soil saturated with oxygen.
2. Fertile soil, extracted when digging a hole, mix with rotted manure (2-3 buckets), superphosphate (200-300 g) and potassium salt (100-200 g).
3. Drive in support in the bottom of the pit and lay drainage - broken brick or coarse gravel will do. The support is placed on the north side.
4. Pour in soil mixture into the pit, and fill it with water - so that it settles.
5. When is the time to board, in a loose soil mixture, poured into a hole, make a deepening. Select its depth so that the planted seedling has only 2 eyes above the ground.
6. Put the seedling so that its roots are lowered vertically.
7. Fall asleep roots with fertile soil and tamp with your hands.
8. Water seedling with warm water.
9. When the water is absorbed, sprinkle the soil around the seedling with mulch. You can read more about soil mulching here.

There should be a distance of 2.5-3 m between neighboring Kishmish seedlings, and the same distance between rows.

The planting depth is influenced by the climatic conditions of the region and the composition of the soil:

• In the south, seedlings are placed so that their heel is at a distance of 50-55 cm from the ground.
• In colder regions and on sandstones - at a distance of 60-65 cm.

Features of planting varieties Kishmish Radiant

Planting rooted grape cuttings is possible in spring or autumn. First, a place is selected. It should be pretty sunny. Therefore, a partition between buildings, the north or west side of the house, a plot in the shade of a tree will not work. The best solution for Radiant will be the southern slope of the house, the sunny side of the gazebo or arch, or trellises on plantations.

The place for grapes should be sunny enough - it will not grow in the shade of the house

Before planting, it is necessary to study the state of groundwater at the site. Swampy soil, as well as land with surface occurrence of groundwater, is not suitable for grapes. The grapes grown under such conditions often and a lot get sick, disappointing the owners with their low qualities, which do not coincide at all with the original declared characteristics.

A deep hole with dimensions of 0.4 x 0.7 meters is dug under the handle, into the lower layer of which drainage material is poured - crushed stone, gravel, expanded clay. In the second tier, a fertile substrate of sand, peat-sludge and garden soil, flavored with a superphosphate nutrient mixture, is placed on it.

In the lower layer of the planting pit, a drainage device from crushed stone, gravel or expanded clay is required

A stalk is installed in the center of the pit and immediately on the south side of it is a piece of rubber hose or hollow pipe with an outlet 6-10 cm above ground level. It will serve as both a drainage hole and a device for delivering water to the roots of the plant, that is, simplified form of drip irrigation system.

The planting stalk must have at least 6 buds. It must be placed in the hole so that two buds are underground, and 4 are above its surface. The stalk is watered abundantly, dug in, and the soil around it is compacted. After all the operations done, the 2 upper eyes are removed at an angle of 450.This will serve as a catalyst for growth - the grapes will strive to make up for losses and will quickly gain weight.

When planting a green cutting, it is necessary to cut off the apical buds, leaving only 3-4 shoots or unblown buds

The distance between the seedlings is at least 2 meters. Distance in row spacing up to 3 meters.

Care

Caring for Kishmish provides for a sequence of agrotechnical measures. The grapes are pruned, watered regularly, fertilized, and prepared for winter in the fall.

Kishmish care schedule:

Watering

Kishmish loves moisture, and if it experiences a water shortage, its roots will begin to grow deeper - up to 2-2.5 m.

At the same time, the vine will wither, the clusters will not gain weight, and the berries will not gain juiciness. If there is no rain, then water the Kishmish at least once a week.

Kishmish must be watered during such periods:

• the beginning of the growing season;
• a week before flowering;
• after flowering;
• while pouring the fruit.

2 weeks before harvesting, the watering rate is halved so that the berries do not crack. In summer, on especially hot days, the grapes are watered more often than usual - every 3-4 days.

The irrigation rate is calculated taking into account the properties of the soil; on average, 2-3 buckets of water are poured under one bush.

So that moisture is absorbed evenly, it is recommended to give the plant water in two stages - in the morning and in the evening.

Top dressing

The principles of feeding Kishmish: Application of fertilizing is moderate, combining organic matter with complex fertilizers. In spring and early summer, nitrogen is introduced - to activate the growth of shoots, and organic matter.

In the second half of summer, phosphorus and potassium are added - they are necessary for the formation of large and sweet berries. Nitrogen is not introduced since the second half of summer. It is advisable to apply liquid fertilizing during watering.

Fertilization rates and periods:

Foliar processing

Foliar dressing - spraying nutrients over the leaves. This method is used if there is no effect from root dressing, or to achieve maximum yield.

This method requires caution - it is important not to burn the leaves or spoil the berries. The first foliar dressing is carried out a week before flowering. It is used regardless of whether root feeding has been carried out.

To save time, foliar dressing is mixed with a fungicide and an insecticide.

Composition No. 1 foliar dressing:

• 40 g of urea; 20 g citric acid;
• 15 g of boric acid;
• 1 g of ferrous sulfate.

Composition No. 2:

• 0.2% ammonium sulfate;
• 0.05% potassium permanganate;
• 0.6% potassium sulfate;
• 0.5% urea.

If you do not want to deal with the preparation of solutions, buy ready-made - "Clean sheet", "Novofert", "Ovary" and others. It is also recommended to use a growth stimulator of brushes and berries - "Gibberellin" for spraying.

Spray grapes on a cloudy day or in the evening. You can add glycerin or vegetable oil to the solution - 30 g.

This will slow down the evaporation of the solution.The second feeding is carried out after flowering, when the grapes are sprayed from pests. Since August, foliar feeding is stopped so that the growth of young shoots is not activated.

Pruning

During the first 3-4 years, the grape bush is shaped - this is necessary for ease of maintenance and high yield.

Pruning Kishmish, regardless of the timing of planting, begins in the spring. Usually they use a cordon uniform with one or two sleeves, usually looking in one direction.

Principles of Kishmish pruning:

1. So that the bush does not experience overloads, no more than 10-12 vines are left for each meter of height.
2. Kishmish has vigorous bushes, so a long pruning is used for it - about 8-12 eyes are left on the vine.
3. The first 4-5 buds on the vine are sterile - this is a feature of Kishmish and other grape varieties from Central Asia.
4. Excess and weak shoots are cut off. No more than two brushes are left on each shoot.

Preparing for winter

In the southern regions of the planting of Kishmish, there is no need to shelter, but, starting from central Russia, warming for the winter is a must.

The procedure for preparing Kishmish for winter:

1. Weeding row spacings - for better moisture preservation and weed control. The latter is pre-winter feeding (phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied).
2. Shelter for shoots. Having untied them, they are laid on the ground, pinned with staples. A non-woven material is placed on top of the shoots, and then sprinkled with a layer of earth. Sometimes they even build plywood boxes on top.

Diseases and pests

Due to diseases and pests, yield is lost. To prevent losses, timely prevention is needed.

Symptoms and measures to control diseases and pests of Kishmish:

White rot

First, the crest and stalks of the grapes are affected. Then the fungus spreads to individual berries, and then covers the entire brush. The berries become lethargic, turn red and fall off.

Diseased vines are covered with spots of a rounded shape, bordered by a black rim along the edges. In the affected areas, the bark is crushed. In wet weather, you can see the spores of the pathogen - off-white dots.

They are formed on the affected berries and vine areas. The problem most often manifests itself after sunburn, hail, mildew.

The disease is treatable, measures to combat it are spraying with a 4% solution of Bordeaux liquid, 5% Kaptan solution or 1% suspension of TMTD.

Prevention:

• compliance with the conditions of agricultural technology;
• it is especially necessary to observe the pruning regime so that the bushes are well ventilated and illuminated by the sun.

Gray rot

The disease can manifest itself on the berries at the very beginning of their formation. But the grapes that have begun to pour or have already ripened are most affected. The berries are covered with brown spots, the skin cracks on them, a gray fluffy bloom appears - sporulation of the fungus.

If the autumn is dry, then the fungus causes raisin of berries, the so-called noble rot. Gray rotted brushes are not suitable for transportation and storage.

Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for the fungus.

Therefore, all forces should be directed to preventive measures:

• timely breaking off and tying up shoots;
• thinning the leaf mass so that the berries have greater access to the sun's rays;
• at the first signs of damage, the entire crop should be removed urgently.

Rubella

The disease primarily affects the leaves. Light spots appear on them in late April - early May, which then spread between the veins. On varieties with light berries, they become brown with a narrow waxy yellow border.

On dark varieties, the color of the spots is bright burgundy with a yellow-green border. Affected leaves dry up and fall off prematurely. The consequence of rubella can be inhibition of the growth of shoots, inflorescences and ovaries.

The taste of grapes can change not for the better.

If rubella appeared last season, then in the spring, as soon as the leaves begin to appear, spend 2 - 3 sprays with 1.5 - 2% Bordeaux liquid or 0.5% Cineb solution. The interval between procedures is 5 - 10 days.

Further processing is the same as against mildew - 1% solution of Bordeaux liquid. Timely feeding and proper soil care will help reduce the risk of disease.

Leaf roll

The leafworm caterpillar damages buds, ovaries and berries. One caterpillar can destroy up to 50 buds. If the berries are damaged, then harmful microorganisms develop on them, leading to rotting first of individual fruits, and then of the entire brush.

For butterflies, bait is made in the form of containers hung among the bushes at a height of 70 cm from the soil surface.

Wine mud diluted with water 1/3 is poured into the trap. Against caterpillars, treatment with Vofatox (2.5 - 3 g of the drug per 1 m²) or Methylethylthiophos (15 g per 10 l of water) is used.

For the purpose of prevention, immediately after removing the winter shelter, clean off the old bark in which the pupae winter and burn it.

Wasps

These insects, attracted by the sweet taste of the berries, spoil their skins, as a result of which the grapes cannot be stored.

In addition, damaged berries undergo a rotting process, which goes on to whole fruits. You can fight wasps in different ways.

This is the use of pesticides, special traps and poisoned baits, the destruction of nests. But if you consider wasps to be beneficial insects, then the measures to combat them may not be so drastic.

You can, for example, plant plants around the grape bushes, the smell of which is not to the wasps' taste - mint, lemon balm, basil. And in addition to this, put on special protective bags made of tulle on ripening bunches of grapes.