After harvesting, it's time to start preparing the greenhouse for the new season. To do this, remove the old tops, apply fertilizers, and, most importantly, carry out a thorough treatment against diseases and pests. All these measures require a colossal investment of time, but they should not be neglected, because the reward will be healthy seedlings, strong shoots and a rich harvest next year.
Preparing for winter
It is no secret that the soil of any greenhouse is depleted during the year, and harmful insects and diseases actively reproduce in the upper layer. The soil should be changed every 5 years. And throughout this period, the land needs annual cultivation.
Autumn disinfection of the greenhouse helps to solve many problems, the main ones of which are:
- elimination of sources of disease;
- destruction of eggs and larvae of many pests;
- increased fertility;
- healing the soil.
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The upper (fertile) layer of the earth is removed with a shovel. Then the soil is dug up, removing the larvae of the pests. An excellent method of combating soil depletion and the reproduction of harmful insects is the sowing of green manure. They can be legumes or cereals, mustard. Shortly before the onset of cold weather, the greens are mowed, the soil is dug up. Some gardeners embed the green mass into the ground, others do not.
If new land was brought in, it should be treated with chemical or biological products before scattering.
Summing up
Before deciding what to do with the soil in the greenhouse in the fall, you need to decide on the composition of the soil, acidity, and the amount of salts. It depends on these indicators how much and what kind of top dressing you need to fill up when compiling a soil mixture for a greenhouse.
After harvesting, the question arises: what to do with the land in the greenhouse in autumn, is it necessary to completely replace the fertile layer, or do you just need to clean, disinfect, feed the soil? Competent preparation of the land in the greenhouse for winter will make the soil for the next crops loose, saturated with useful substances, trace elements, moisture, air, safe, without viruses and pests, so that the next harvest season will be fertile.
Next, we will share tips on how to prepare the ground in a greenhouse in the fall with our own hands: how to process, feed, how to properly disinfect, improve the soil.
Pests and diseases
Most of the diseases prevailing in greenhouses are caused by fungal spores.
Late blight
It affects peppers, tomatoes and eggplants. The disease is expressed in the appearance of dark spots on the leaves of the nightshade. If you start an immediate fight, you can save the harvest. Plants are treated with copper sulfate (a couple of times), copper chloride (discontinue use 3 weeks before harvest), aryline or Bordeaux liquid (every 12 days).
Powdery mildew
It manifests itself in the formation of white spots, first on the inner side of the leaves, and then on the entire plant.A typical disease of late summer and early autumn, with sharp temperature fluctuations, rainfall. Leads to the death of plant tissues. For powdery mildew, fungicides are used, copper sulfate in combination with ordinary laundry soap.
Cladosporium
It is characterized by the swiftness of distribution. It manifests itself in the formation of brown spots, as well as further foliage fall. Pseudobacterin, Poliram (these drugs are used several times), Hom (one treatment with this powerful agent is enough) are used against the disease.
Fusarium
An infectious disease that first affects the rhizomes, and then spreads to the stems. The foliage changes its color from green to pale yellow and withers rapidly. Dangerous in the autumn. Trichodermin, Benazol are used as means of struggle.
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Among the pests, the most dangerous for greenhouse crops are the following:
Whitefly
The leaves affected by it are deformed and dry up, and dark spots appear on the plants themselves, the buds rapidly fall off. In the fight against this pest, drugs will help: Mospilan (one treatment is enough), Verticellin, Actellik.
Spider mite
The foliage dries up and turns brown. A thin web appears on the plants. If you do not fight the pest, you can lose most of the crop. Effective drugs: Fitoverm (several treatments), colloidal sulfur (applied every 2 weeks), Bitoxibaccellin (every 14 days).
Aphid
These pests are dangerous because they suck all the juices from the plants. Greenhouse crops begin to become covered with a sticky bloom, wither, dry out. Aktofit, Karbaphos and some highly toxic drugs are effective against aphids.
Ants
They harm plants both on the site and in the greenhouse, and throughout the warm period. You can fight them both with folk remedies (wormwood, garlic, lavrushka, mint) and through store-bought preparations (Anteater, Thunder).
Processing and disinfection
Autumn processing of the greenhouse implies both disinfection of internal structures and disinfection of the soil. During the warm period, the soil becomes overgrown with fungal spores and harmful bacteria. Therefore, pre-winter cultivation of the greenhouse includes not only the replacement of the fertile soil layer, but also a number of measures to combat diseases and pests.
Greenhouse disinfection is carried out in several ways:
- by processing with various chemicals;
- by steaming the soil;
- bio-disinfection method.
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The most popular among gardeners are the following chemical compositions:
- formalin (dosage 1: 100);
- based on potassium permanganate (1 small spoon per 1000 ml of water);
- bleach solution (0.4 kg per bucket of water);
- copper sulfate (1 large spoon is enough for a bucket of water).
Any of these solutions will thoroughly spill the soil in the greenhouse.
Chemical methods of soil disinfection include fumigation with sulfur sticks, which are popular among gardeners.
Important! Sulfur bombs are prohibited for use in greenhouses and hotbeds with a metal frame. Corrosive smoke promotes corrosion.
Soil steaming is a thermal disinfection method. Usually, the soil is simply spilled with boiling water and covered for a couple of days. This procedure is repeated at least 3 times.Boiling water kills pathogenic soil microflora.
Biologicals for soil disinfection in greenhouses also deserve attention. They are safe not only for humans, but also for fruit crops. In addition, they have a wide range of positive effects on the earth. Among the popular biological products, there are Trichodermin (half a glass per bucket of water), Fitosporin (7 ml per bucket), Alirin (one tablet is enough to dilute in 10 liters of water).
Copper sulfate
One of the most effective ways to combat late blight, cladosporiosis and other soil diseases. In addition, the substance supplies the soil with an irreplaceable trace element (copper), acts as a powerful antiseptic, destroys pests, and fights rot and fungus.
Important! The copper sulfate solution should not be stored. In addition, for its preparation, you should use non-metallic dishes in order to avoid an unwanted chemical reaction.
It is enough to take 100 g of the chemical for a bucket of water. Some gardeners add a little slaked lime to the solution. They are treated with soil in a greenhouse. It is recommended to do this procedure no more than once every 5 years. If you add a little grated laundry soap to the composition, you get an excellent tool for treating greenhouses from the inside.
Sulfur checker
This tool is very popular among the people due to its availability and excellent effect. After all, acrid smoke easily penetrates into all corners of the greenhouse. Diseases and pests have no chance of escape.
Important! When using a sulfur checker, one should not forget about respiratory protection, since the smoke released is very toxic.
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The number of sulfur tablets is determined by the size of the greenhouse. Standard consumption - 2 pcs. by 10 sq. m. A special wick is attached to each tablet.
Checkers are distributed over the entire area of the greenhouse, all vents and doors are closed. You can enter the greenhouse only 3 days after fumigation. It is better to wash the inner walls of the greenhouse with soapy water.
Other options
The soil in the greenhouse can be disinfected:
- bleach. It is enough just to fill in the dry matter in the fall. The walls of the greenhouse are treated with a solution of lime;
- by completely replacing the soil;
- highly concentrated preparation Carbation.
For a cubic meter of area, you will need 400 g of the drug, diluted in a bucket of water. The soil temperature during processing should be from +9 to +17.
Organic matter for digging
Autumn digging and soil fertilization is one of the most important activities on the eve of winter. It is in the autumn that the most fertile period begins for the introduction, including of organic fertilizers.
Resting the earth in autumn days allows the beneficial microflora contained in it to most efficiently process the obtained nutrients. Fertilization with organic matter for digging allows you to prepare the garden for spring plantings in advance, thereby freeing up spring time for more important work.
| Organic | Features of the | Application rates |
| Horse dung | Highly nutritious substrate of dense consistency for introduction under all types of garden crops or garden plants in the autumn during the digging process | Per square meter - 3.0-3.5 kg |
| Mullein | It is introduced fresh in autumn, which allows its constituent ammonia compounds to erode during the winter | Per square meter - 5.0-5.5 kg |
| Bird or chicken droppings | The most concentrated type of organic fertilizer, which is optimal for feeding the planting of garden strawberries | Once every three years, based on a kilogram per square meter |
| Compost | The matured substrate is used to protect the root zone of fruit trees, including apple trees and planting conifers | Lay in a fairly thick layer around the trunk circle and leave until spring |
| Wood ash | Organic fertilizer that is rich in high potassium content | It is introduced in the autumn for the digging of clay, heavy soils at the rate of one glass per square meter. |
The properties of organic fertilizers - to restore the amount of humus and improve the biochemical composition of the soil - have been known for a long time. Ever since the days of Ancient Egypt, when people were waiting with hope for the flooding of the Nile and only then began to cultivate the land and plant agricultural plants.
It is easier with chernozems, loams and sandy loams: useful substances are retained in them longer, especially long-playing organic substances. What is the fertilization of the earth in the fall and the effect of fertilizing on plants.
Wood ash
Ash fertilizers are applied in the fall for digging under perennial plants. In the autumn, it is dangerous to lay fertilizers, which include nitrogen, as this can give an impetus to plants for new growth of shoots. Before winter, young branches will not have time to woody and freeze.
As a result, a fungal or bacterial infection will get into the wounds, after which the plant will have to be treated - a tree or shrub. The ash contains potassium, phosphorus and trace elements that vegetation needs for immunity. There is no nitrogen in the ash - it all evaporates when burning plant residues and wood.
The ash solution is made 6 to 7 days before the intended application so that the nutrients are transferred into the water. In this form, they are better absorbed by the roots. You need to take 300 g of ash for a bucket of water.
How to fertilize fruit trees correctly:
- Around a bush or tree, dig a trench 15 - 20 cm deep.
- It is good to shed soil - up to 200 liters for each mature tree.
- Pour the ash solution into the recess evenly.
- Fill the trench with soil.
Usually, fertilizing of fruit trees is carried out after pruning, as well as bushes of raspberries, gooseberries, currants. If you use ash, then autumn liming of the soil is not required. Ash has an alkaline reaction due to the calcium in it, therefore the simultaneous use of lime and ash can lead to strong alkalization of the soil. This threatens plants with poor assimilation of phosphorus and iron.
Bone flour
Long-lasting organic fertilizer made from animal residues decomposes for a long time in the soil.
It is customary to use bone meal once every 3 years. This is enough for the plants to be provided with phosphorus and calcium. Potash fertilizers are laid along with bone meal, since these substances interact well.
And the introduction of nitrogenous fertilizers in the fall will be a waste of money, because nitrogen decomposes quickly and is poorly retained in the soil. It is useless to add it to an empty garden bed, but it is dangerous for perennials.
For embedding in the ground, use a dry substance or an extract. The amount is calculated based on the type: steamed, concentrated or regular. The largest percentage of phosphorus is 35% in fat-free concentrated bone meal.
Fertilizers containing phosphorus are the most useful than fertilizing the earth in autumn. When to apply autumn fertilizers, it has already been said: after the harvest, so as not to leave all the work for August and September.
An expensive pleasure than fertilizing the land in winter. But if the farm has cattle or poultry, then feeding the plants in autumn with liquid infusion will benefit the future harvest.
The manure contains nitrogen and potassium, trace elements. There are also negative sides:
- the presence of weed seeds that will germinate in the spring;
- parasites live in the manure and can infect the soil with larvae.
It is better to make compost from manure. After overheating, all negative aspects disappear.The maturation process of compost is long - from 9 to 12 months, but it is a valuable nutrient.
Siderata on the farm are much cheaper, and in terms of nutrient content they are not inferior to manure. If the question is, what fertilizers to apply in the fall for digging for potatoes, then you can simply sow white mustard in the garden in August, wait until it grows 15 - 20 cm and mow it.
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There is also a method of how to fertilize the land without manure: cut the greens of the green manure and take it to another bed. Roots will remain in the soil, which will decompose over the winter. At the same time, tubules will be left in the ground through which water and air will flow. It is not necessary to loosen or dig the soil.
How to fertilize the land in the fall at their summer cottage:
- cereals - rye, oats, barley;
It is important to ensure that the green manure does not have time to bloom. After flowering, their nutrient content drops sharply, so it is necessary to embed them in the soil before branching.
Fertilizers for greenhouses
Restoration of soil fertility is a guarantee of a rich harvest next year. For greenhouses, both mineral and organic fertilizers are applicable. From organic matter, manure, chicken droppings, compost, pure humus or peat are usually chosen.
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Organic fertilizers improve the structure of the soil: the soil becomes looser, air and moisture permeable. In addition, they supply the soil with the main macro- and microelements, as well as carbon dioxide. The latter allows greenhouse crops to easily carry out photosynthesis.
Note. Fertilize the soil in the greenhouse only after complete disinfection, but no later than mid-October.
It is customary to apply manure already rotted, chicken manure - diluted in a ratio of 1:20, and peat - only in the case of alkalization of the soil.
The most commonly used mineral fertilizers are:
- simple Superphosphate (in the form of a 3-day infusion: take 20 g of the substance in a bucket of water);
- urea or nitrate (at the rate of 25 g per sq. m.);
- sulphate or potassium chloride (20 g per sq. m.).
Mineral fertilizers are best applied as early as possible - preferably no later than the end of September.
Some gardeners prefer complex fertilizers, for example, nitrophoska at a dosage of 25 g per bucket of water.
In addition to organic matter and mineral fertilizers, wood ash is introduced in the fall (every 2 years), designed to restore the acidity level of the soil and fill it with irreplaceable microelements. The optimal dosage is 150 g per sq. m.
Actions of biologics
Biological products are an excellent tool for soil disinfection of greenhouse soil in autumn. How do drugs work, what are their advantages?
- Diseases left behind by the past harvest are being eradicated.
- The larvae and eggs left by insects for overwintering in a warm shelter successfully die under the influence of biological products.
- They promote stimulation and make fertilizers work faster.
- Help the organic degradation of nutrient mixtures.
- They bind and smooth out the effects of heavy metals and pesticides.
- Improves soil structure.
Fitosporin
One of the best universal remedies that can disinfect the soil from such popular diseases as black leg, powdery mildew, late blight, fusarium, fungi and mold. Divorced, in accordance with the instructions, and watered on the beds.
Phytocide
This is just a thunderstorm for all microbes. With its powerful action, it accelerates and stimulates the processing of organic matter and minerals, turning them into humus, which is so necessary for the fertility of the earth. It is enough for one hundred square meters in a volume of five liters to destroy all harmful microbial environment.
Soil preparation
The choice of fertilizers for greenhouses is determined by both the type of soil and the type of future fruit and vegetable crops.
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Under tomatoes and peppers
For these crops, it is customary to add organic matter, mineral complexes containing all the main macronutrients, as well as manganese, boron and copper to the soil.
Manganese promotes the early ripening of fruits, boron and copper - friendly flowering and rich fruiting.
Under cucumbers
They are sensitive to the level of acidity, and therefore it is customary to lime the soil for them in the fall. Organic matter is applied in spring, and before winter it is better to use saltpeter (20 g per sq. M.) And potassium salt (15 g. Per sq. M.).
Strawberry
After the end of fruiting, the greenhouse berry culture is mowed, spilled with water and loosened. Then Superphosphate, potassium salt is added, sprinkled with a layer of new soil. At the end of October, strawberries are mulched with peat, and in winter they are sprinkled with a thick layer of snow so that they do not freeze.
Useful Tips
Folk methods of soil cultivation in a greenhouse:
- Steaming the soil for the winter. They prefer to use potassium permanganate or nitrafen (3%). Processing with these agents should be done 3 weeks before fertilization.
- Freezing the soil. The method consists in the absence of any disinfection actions. It's all about the strongest freezing of the ground not covered with snow. Thanks to this, it is possible to get rid of both common diseases and annoying pests without any effort.
- Tinctures based on mustard, tobacco, pine needles or ash. The advantages of these formulations are environmental friendliness and the possibility of repeated use without harming greenhouse crops.
Using EM
EM - effective microorganisms. The use of EM in the preparation of land in the greenhouse in the fall is mandatory after thermal disinfection of the soil. On sale there are such preparations as "Baikal", "Renaissance", "Shining", they consist of useful soil microorganisms. Before cultivating the land in the greenhouse in the fall with EM preparations, it is necessary to add a sufficient amount of humus. Active reproduction begins at a temperature of 10-15 C. If the autumn is warm enough, then by spring the greenhouse will have completely recovered soil.
