How the horse runs and moves - 4; five; 6; 7 letters in crosswords

Technical aspects of the gait

Let's take a closer look at what a gait is and how a horse should run. The front of the horse's body is much heavier than the rear, the center of the body is indicated by a mark at the level of the armpits. During movement, the balance shifts, as the hind limbs move forward, after which the running horse moves the front limbs forward, thereby restoring a stable position. In addition, the head and neck are involved in running and walking, this can be seen by observing the horse while running.

As mentioned earlier, the horse can move in two ways: with the presence of support and without its presence. There are several characteristics that are usually evaluated during the horse's gait, we list them:

• Rhythm. The rhythm of the gait is the amount of time that elapses between the time the horse's hooves touch the ground.
• Tempo is a measure of the number of beats during a stroke. It is customary to distinguish 3 types of gait, depending on the pace: with 2, 3 and 4 paces.
• Support. Depending on the method of support, four types of running are distinguished: support on one, two, three or four hooves.
• Step. The length of each step is important here, they measure the distance between the previous track and the next.
• Frequency. This characteristic describes how many steps the horse takes in one minute.

It is worth saying that the horse's riding and gait will largely depend not only on the training level of the animal, but also on the state of its nervous system. If a running horse is tense or overexcited, then there is no need to talk about its productivity: its gait will always be high. If the horse is full of strength and energy, receives maximum care and nutrition, then the gait will be appropriate.

Types of gait

Depending on the characteristics described above, several types of running are distinguished, that is, the gait. The first variation of the gait is the one that is most appropriate for the horse, that is, his natural running style. All the rest are developed in the process of persistent training and running-in. Let's list the most famous types of natural gait with which you can ride a horse:

• step (lightest gait);
• lynx;
• gallop;
• amble (it is the most difficult to learn it).

Now let's move on to what gaits of horses were developed with the help of a person, that is, a horse riding trainer:

• canter with three pivots, or canter on three legs;
• Piaffre's gait;
• backward gallop;
• gait passage;
• short walking (short stride or riding).

In addition to these varieties, each of the above styles can be of a different tempo: slow or fast. If the horse moves at a leisurely pace, then it has the ability to overcome long distances, while not spending a lot of energy. If a faster pace is chosen, then the animal will get tired much faster.

Fundamentals of Theory

Allure - translated from French means the type of movement of the horse or the way of movement. There are two types of gait:

• Natural, includes canter, trot, stride, etc .;
• Developed artificially, through daily training: Spanish step, pirouette, piaffe, etc.;

It is necessary to highlight a special type of walking - amble. Equestrian masters call it intermediate, since such a horse gait can be both innate and artificial.This peculiar way of walking is often recommended to be tried by “speed lovers”.

The rider must always remember that his task is not only to control the horse, but also to adapt to its movements. It is necessary to maintain the correct position and balance at all times, feeling the rhythm of the horse. To achieve maximum unity with the animal, it is necessary to master all the gaits, not only in theory, but also in practice.

Types of horse gaits

Natural gaits

When an animal steps, as a rule, at each moment of time, three legs rest on the ground and only one is rearranged.

When trotting, the horse's legs move diagonally (crosswise), that is, the right front and left hind steps together, and then the left front and right hind ones. That is, two legs can be in the air at the same time. However, the trot is quiet / short (trot), medium and high-spirited (sweeping / swing). In the middle trot, the moment of suspension appears - when all four legs are in the air, and the horse seems to be flying over the road. 2 hoofs hitting the ground are clearly audible.

The trot speed of first-class trotters is 10 m / s. At a trot, horses move on a race or during a test called a saddle trot. The name of the gait gave the name to a number of horse breeds - trotters. These are specially bred draft horses that can run at a frisky trot (go at a stroke) for a long time, without getting tired, without going into a gallop. Breeds: Oryol, Russian, French, American trotter.

When pacing, the horse at a walk and trot moves forward, raising two legs of either side at once. 2 hoofs hitting the ground are clearly audible.

Amble faster than a trot, more comfortable for riding and riding in a carriage. Usually the horse can run either at a trot or amble.

Amble is a natural gait found in mountain riding horses in the Crimea, the Caucasus and the Tien Shan, as well as among American trotters. But it can be induced artificially by training a horse that initially ran only at a trot. In this case, the amble will be considered an artificial gait.

When a horse is trotting or pacing, it is usually said to be running.

The gallop consists of a series of jumps, with both right and left feet. When galloping from the right leg, the horse first steps with the left hind foot, then with two legs diagonally (with the right hind leg and the left front), then with the right front and the suspension phase begins - the horse flies over the road.

The gallop is called the right-footed gallop because the right front leg is extended further and more noticeably forward. When galloping from the left leg, the horse, respectively, first steps with the right hind leg, then with two legs diagonally (left hind leg and right front), then with the left front and the phase of suspension begins - the horse flies over the road. Three hoofs hitting the ground are clearly audible.

In general, the canter is faster than trot and pace. Horses gallop the distance at the races. At a gallop, a horse can reach speeds of up to 70 km / h.

There are three types of canter according to the tempo [1]:

• slow, collected, shortened, or arena
• medium, common, or canter
• fast, high-spirited, extended, field, or career.

When a horse is galloping, it is usually said to be galloping. “Runs at a gallop” - so they say only in a figurative sense about a messenger or courier in the meaning of “running as soon as possible” [2].

When jumping, the horse pushes off the ground with its hind legs, flies over the obstacle and lands first on the front and then on the hind legs.

Hoda or Tölt (Icelandic Tölt) is the natural gait of Icelandic horses, it looks like a very fast step with a wide forward throw of the hind legs; something between stride and trot.

Tölt is as fast as the trot.Depending on the degree of the horse's training, the speed of movement of the tölt can vary freely from stride to gallop, but according to the sequence of rearrangement of the legs, the tölt is comparable to the step. There is no jerk or hover phase. As a result, fast, but not at all shaky movement.

The tendency to tölt is genetically determined and was originally present in all European horses. Its absence in the modern European horse is the result of historical man-made changes and the subsequent, long, extremely tough selection, which, depending on the breed, is no less rigidly continuing today. The appearance of even a weakly expressed tölt in a horse, for whose breed it is not desirable, leads to inevitable culling from the breeding process.

Paso Fino is the natural gait of horses of the same name - a small, quick step, in which the horse quickly moves his legs.

The shlapak (tropota) is also a natural gait - a gait that is a cross between a trot and a gallop. The hat is considered a "wrong" gait, as it is uncomfortable when riding and tires the horse. Usually they try to retrain such a horse - to put on a clean trot and canter.

A moving horse cannot be said to be riding [source unspecified 2911 days]. The horse rides only when it is in the cart. In other cases, he walks, runs, trot, gallops, gallops, jumps, slaps (tropotes) or simply moves.

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In different regions of Russia and among the Russian-speaking population of other countries, there may be their own designations (synonyms) of the main natural gaits.

Passage

Amble

The name is beautiful, and the gait itself is very similar to the trot of a horse. Differs in the rearrangement of the legs during movement. If at a trot the horse rearranges its legs in pairs and diagonally, then in this case there is a rearrangement on one side.

This type of movement is faster than trotting, but also more dangerous. Suitable only for straight and even distances. An animal is capable of stumbling when pacing, “not fitting into a turn,” and thereby inflicting great harm on itself and its rider.

Running type - trot

After stride - the second fastest gait, it is not as fast as canter, but significantly exceeds stride. The speed is usually about 16 km / h, but pedigree trotters develop it up to 20 km / h. The trot is suitable for long distance travel.

It refers to two-stroke variants of movement, the legs move diagonally, in pairs, that is, the rear right is rearranged simultaneously with the front left, then the moment of suspension, and again the next 2 legs are rearranged.

For some, it is difficult to master the trot, since the signing stage is already present, and the rider clearly feels the tremors of the hooves. In order for the ride to be comfortable, it is necessary to feel the horse and move in time with it: on the push of the legs, the rider is understood in the saddle, hangs, falls when the next push comes.

There is a collected average, extended and working trot. These species are similar to each other and the differences are insignificant. Professionals call the fast trot a swing, and the slow trot. There is also a swing and a prize trot. Some trotters, moving with this gait, easily overtake ordinary horses at a gallop. The stride length is about 2 m, the frequency of hoof strikes is about 150 m.

The trot is a faster gait than walking. In this case, there is a phase of unsupported movement and two-hoof diagonal support. If a horse is running at a natural trot, it will quickly switch to another type of gait, since this type of movement is short-lived. But racehorses are trained on purpose, and their natural trot turns into several independent types of gait:

• Trot, that is, a subspecies of a lynx with short strides.A quiet trot may not have an unsupported phase. It has been noticed that long-legged animals are not able to perform a quiet trot, but an accelerated or free trot is available to them. The gait speed is from 16 to 20 km / h.
• Sweep - trot with a long stride, at a leisurely and measured pace.
• The swing and frisky trot are a subspecies of the gait that develops the horse's sweepingness and freedom of movement. The speed during this run increases significantly, and the hoof of the hind foot leaves a mark, significantly protruding beyond the imprint from the front hoof.

The maximum trot speed can reach 30 km / h, but such indicators are not available to every horse, and not to every rider. The trot is rightfully one of the most difficult gaits.

The trot should not be faster than 30 km / h

The trot is the horse's first dynamic run (not counting the calm stride). This is a two-stroke manner of movement - only 2 blows of hooves on the ground are clearly audible, and 2 legs are torn off the ground at once. The horse runs at a trot like this: first, any front and hind legs located diagonally to it simultaneously rise and fall, and then the two remaining legs move in the same way.

• shortened, or lightweight, short;
• working, or warm-up;
• medium;
• fast, or increased.

With the gait in the indicated order, the width of the step and the speed of the animal increases, and running at an extended trot is distinguished by a distinct complete suspension - all 4 limbs are off the ground. A short trot in a horse is observed in horses of any breed, and in a trotting stroke - a gait even faster than a gallop, but in structure is still a trot - only trotters are able to move. This is due to the structural features of the body of these animals.

The trot is the next type of movement after the speed stride. For beginners, the lynx is often the most difficult form of movement. When the horse is running at a trot, jolts are very strongly felt, and learning to move in time with the horse is not so easy. To adapt to this pace, a beginner needs to be very attentive every time. The ability to keep well in the saddle when trotting comes with experience.

The trot is a two-stroke gait, when the horse is trotting, its legs are alternately rearranged in pairs on a diagonal. Two hooves are heard in the sound. The back and front legs move at the same time, diagonal to each other. After that, there is a moment of suspension and the next two legs move. To be in sync with the horse, the rider must rise above the saddle on one push and drop down on the next pair of legs. When the horse hangs, the rider also hangs over the saddle.

Like stride, there are different types of trot:

1. Collected
2. Average
3. Added
4. Working

These types are similar in characteristics to similar types of step. Also present in the trot are the following types: training trot, light trot. But this is already a concept related to the way the rider is seated. During the training trot, the rider should sit tightly in the saddle, on the lightened one - stand up at the moment of suspension.

There are also specialized names for the racetrack, which has its own terminology for horse racing. So, a slow trot is called a trot, and a fast one is a sweep. There are also concepts of swing and prize trot.

This style is designed to move the horse in a harness. If the horse is well trained, it will be able to trot for a fairly long time. A feature of the style is the nature of the movement: the limbs are thrown in pairs, first the right in front and left in the back, and then the pairs change. As in a horse's gait, a step, a trot movement occurs obliquely, that is, in an oblique direction.

In the description of the trotting style, it is mentioned that the horse must necessarily hover above the ground during the period of the change of legs. To check the correct gait, you need to listen to the sounds that the hooves make. If everything is correct, then you can hear the simultaneous impact of two hooves. When a horse is trotting, on average, it develops a speed of about 40-45 km / h.At a maximum trot on a horse, you can rush at a speed of 55 km / h (a car can go at the same speed), this is a record in a rider's career.

Typical lynx differences:

• Gait trot trot. This is the shortest and slowest trot, with this style the length of one stride is approximately 2 m. On average, 1 km of flat road is overcome in 3 minutes. Most often, these gaits are used as a warm-up after a step.
• Sweep. This trot can still be called calm, albeit with a stretch. The animal overcomes the same kilometer in 2.5 minutes.
• Mach. In this case, all movements become more defined and clear, in 2 minutes the running horse moves 1 km.
• Frisky or fast trot. This is the fastest trot type and is used as a variation of the racing gait. Here, 1000 m is already covered in 1.2 - 1.45 minutes.

Note that for a long time the horse does not gallop at a trot, usually a gallop follows after a trot, or the same step from which it all began. The success of a horse's run will depend on how long it can trot without slowing down or changing style. It should be said that only an experienced rider will be able to control the horse during the trot, taking the correct position.

Horses! Beautiful horse running

Horse running in slow motion Beautiful, smooth motion

Tips from trainers

• If the gallop is practiced in an equestrian school, it is better to switch to such a gait in the corners to set the right side of the canter.
• During a gallop, it is forbidden to make loud sounds so as not to unbalance the animal.
• The first canter practice should be done with a trainer.
• For quick and fruitful training in gallop riding, you can use an experienced instructor who can withstand the horse on the lane during training. This allows the rider to focus on the canter and the assistant to control the speed and rhythm.
• It is important to use the right equipment to get the horse into a proper canter rather than trotting and just running around the arena.

Attempts to learn canter can only be made by a person who has experience of contact with horses and has the skills of walking and trotting. For the gallop, the rider must have a helmet, special shoes and a comfortable riding suit at his disposal.

Artificial gait - Spanish step

In fact, this is the name of the result of a complex work on which centuries have been spent, and is a demonstration of horseback riding. To perform this type of exercise, horses are selected that can withstand prolonged stress on the muscles of the body and legs.

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There are several types of artificial gaits piaffe, passage, Spanish step, backward or three-legged gallop. Admiring the process at the moment of movement, the beauty and grace of a noble animal fascinates, here are just a few of them:

• During the passage, the horse gracefully moves at a collected trot, raising its legs high, moving its hooves and delaying for some time each of their lifting (with suspension). At the same time, it is difficult to maintain balance, while moving forward, strong back muscles are needed here.
• Piaffe means a stall trot with a short phase. At the same time, her hind legs are slightly bent, the croup is slightly lowered. Much depends on the rider, otherwise the horse may lose balance.
• When galloping on three legs, one of the animal's limbs is extended and does not touch the ground. This exercise is very difficult for the horse and requires tension and dedication. An insufficiently extended leg is considered a marriage.

Piaffe
Horses' gaits can be correct or irregular. It is encouraged when the horse moves softly, lightly, smoothly and clearly. If her movements are convulsive, curvilinear, hard, then the discount requires additional training and an experienced instructor.

When a beginner observes professional riders, he also wants to learn how to perform the elements of a high school of riding. One of the most spectacular gaits is the Spanish step. In addition to the generally accepted name, it is called a circus or school step.

How to teach a horse to walk in Spanish? Only through persistent and regular training. This type of artificial gait requires the horse to be able to alternately raise and extend the front legs. They should descend smoothly and without bending. The hind legs take normal steps.

Both equestrian sports and conventional horseback riding require precise interaction between the rider and the animal. First of all, a personal contact must be established between a person and a horse. If you want to achieve something from the horse, then do not rush it, and do not rush yourself. Any action requires perseverance and training, remember this.

This particular style is really quite original, it is not used for all horses; when assessing the gait, the presence of the pacer is highly appreciated by the judges. To an inexperienced observer, it may seem that the amble is a variation of the trot, but it is not. During the amble, the horse simultaneously brings out the left hind and left front legs, then a pair of me to the right side.

During amble, the correct stride length is much shorter compared to the trot, but the pace is higher, that is, more strides per minute are made. In terms of speed, the average pace is 1 km for two minutes. Pacers, this is how horses are called, which are inherent in this type of gait, can walk about 100 km in this style in 1 day.

In equestrian sports, there are a lot of styles, some of which are occupied by artificially created types of gait, let's learn about them in more detail:

• Passage style. This is a variation of the lynx, but it looks more graceful, because of this it is also called a soaring trot or a hanging gait. With this type of gait, the hind legs clearly and simultaneously push off the ground, and they do this strictly simultaneously. It should be said that not all riders lend themselves to the passage, while maximum training and a well-developed muscular system are required from the horse.
• Piaffe. Another type of trot gait. In this version, the horse hangs briefly in one place while moving. In the piaffe style, the rider's experience, his ability to sit in the saddle and correct seating are important.
• Gallop on three legs. Here you can see how the horse moves with only 3 limbs, while the front leg, which is not used in the gait, is extended and should not touch the ground.
• Reverse canter. In this variant of the gait, the horse moves in the opposite direction. Such a gallop is used in a circus.
• Spanish step. The Spanish gait refers to a variety of circus gaits, with this style the horse raises its forelimbs as high as possible, placing them parallel to the ground.
• Telp is a cross between a traditional trot and a simple step. With such a gait, the animal raises its hind limbs high, sharply throwing them forward.

It is worth saying that all artificially created gaits for the most part remain incomprehensible to the average horse. Here you will need both the genetic predisposition of the horse and the skill of the rider, including landing. You can appreciate how masterful the styles are by looking at numerous photos, videos and master classes.

• any of the front ones (right or left - it doesn't matter);
• back diagonal;
• second front;
• second back.

Gallop - a four-stroke running of a horse with a suspension (all 4 hooves are off the ground). In this case, the animal always takes the first step with its hind limb, it does not matter - right or left. Then, almost simultaneously, the second hind leg and the diagonal front leg are raised and lowered, after that the remaining unused front leg. The cycle ends with a freeze.

The canter is mistakenly thought to be a three-stroke gait, but time-lapse video footage of horses galloping in this way proves that the hoof strikes on the ground are really 4.

Amble is called a two-stroke movement with a suspension. A horse moving in this way is called a pacer. She simultaneously brings and lowers both limbs on the road on one side, then both on the other. When half-walking, the horse also raises both limbs of one side at once, but first lowers the back to the ground and only then the front. Thus, this is a four-stroke gait, which is confirmed by time-lapse photography and video filming in slow motion.

Many people associate gallop with a very fast, almost flying, run. This is indeed an extremely fast gait, requiring the horse to run very fast. Beginners are usually afraid of him, because a horse flying at a gallop at first seems uncontrollable. But with a proper landing, a canter is easier than a trot, all that is needed to securely sit in the saddle is knowledge of the basics of a canter.

The gallop is a three-beat gait. During it, the horse moves as follows: one hind leg is brought out, after it the second hind leg and a parallel front leg with it. The second front leg descends last, after which the suspension phase begins. Three hoof beats are heard over the sound. When you look at the horse from the side, it may seem that he starts his move from the front foot, but this is not so. There are different types of gallop, they differ in speed and how much space they cover:

1. Manege gallop - up to 300 meters per minute
2. Collected (leisurely) - over 200 meters per minute
3. Medium - 400 to 700 meters per minute
4. Sweep - 800 meters per minute
5. Quarry (extremely fast) - from 1000 meters per minute or more

As it is clear from the listing, the fastest horse run is the quarry. He is very playful and in order to be able to stay in the saddle, it is imperative for the rider to maintain the correct fit and balance. The career is a rather dangerous type of running and not suitable for beginners, as it is quite easy to lose contact with the horse and therefore control it.

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From the French language, the word "gait" is translated as "move, gait". In other words, this is a generalized name for all types of translational movement of a horse.

When you saddle a horse and let it go with one of the gaits, you feel how the animal makes different movements under you, each of which is different from the previous one. And the speed of movement is always different.

At the same time, you are also required to make certain movements with your body, so that you do not interfere with the horse's free movement, you can easily control it and do not lose balance.

Therefore, it is very important to know the technique of animal movements for each type of gait.

Passage - a very quiet trot, with a slight forward leg extension, in which the front legs slowly and beautifully rise up, and the hind legs are strongly brought under the body.

Piaffe is a passage in one place.

The Spanish step is a step with the horse moving forward parallel to the ground of the outstretched front leg.

The Spanish lynx is a lynx with the horse moving forward parallel to the ground of the outstretched front leg.

Three-legged gallop - a canter in which one of the front legs is constantly extended forward and does not touch the ground.

A back canter is, accordingly, a back canter.

Artificial gaits in horses are developed under the influence of centuries-old traditions of demonstrating the art of riding - the interaction of the horse and the rider - and the beauty of the horse's movements. Passage and piaffe are shown in the dressage competition.

The fastest horse run is a gallop

The rapid flight of a horse, a fascinating sight, many dream of learning how to ride a horse. But his movement is very fast, so only experienced riders are able to ride at such a pace, otherwise there is a risk of losing contact with the horse.

This gait is threefold, with it first one hind leg is brought forward, then the other, and simultaneously with it the foreleg, then the phase of suspension follows.

3 hooves are clearly heard. It appears that the horse starts on the front foot, in fact, it comes out on the last beat of the beat. The movement can start with both the left leg and the right, the distribution of the load depends on this. With an extended canter, stage 4 appears - suspension. A gallop is considered correct, in which all phases are expressed quite clearly. On hippodromes, horses are capable of speeds up to 60 km / h.

The gallop is divided according to the speed:

• Manege gallop, a horse covers a distance of 300 m per minute.
• Assembled, not so fast - 200.
• Average, this is already 400-700 meters per minute.
• Added, the second name is sweep - 800 m / min.
• Quarry, the fastest -1 thousand and more m / min.

Moving at a fast canter, the horse pushes the neck forward, the body stretches, and the legs are thrown forward to the maximum length

The duration of one phase can reach 8 meters, and the step frequency up to 140. Usually, a horse cannot gallop for a long time, the usual distance is 3 km.

Horse gallop is the fastest way to move a horse, while outwardly the animal moves in leaps through one, hovering for a short time in space. The movement begins with the horse raising one hind leg, then the second, and only after that the forelimbs are connected, moving all the same along an oblique line.

In addition to the obvious division, there are standard canter subspecies:

• Manezhniy short. This style has multiple turns and is not the fastest canter in terms of speed.
• Field gallop, or canter. This is the most common type of gallop and is also called field gallop. Riders use it more often than others during training.
• Frisky gallop, it is also called impetuous. In this style, the horse gallops with maximum front grip, developing a record speed. Since during such a gait a lot of energy is expended, the animal cannot be in this state for a long time, it is extremely important to take this into account in training.

While the horse is galloping, its correct stride is equal to the length of the body times three. If the gallop is used in races, then the maximum speed at which a horse moves along the racetrack is about 60 km / h.

The gallop is the swift running of a horse, the fastest of all gaits. To raise the pace of movement and go into a gallop, beginners do not dare right away. First, you need to develop the correct position and adapt to the movements of the horse.

The types of gallop can also be different. The slowest is the collected canter, the fastest is the quarry. A horse's natural gallop rarely lasts more than 3 km, as he gets tired quickly. With training and practice, you can significantly increase your speed, and the gallop distances become noticeably longer. The maximum running speed is about 60 km / h.

The fastest gait is called a gallop.

Movement characteristic

Running at a gallop begins with the movement of the pelvic limb, the diagonal of which (thoracic) is called the leading. Usually, when running in a circle, the horse puts the inside leg first, that is, the one closest to the center. If the rider forces the horse to change the lead limb (to the outside), then such a run will be called a counter-canter. This type of running is much more tiring for the animal.
The ground support of a galloping horse is much stronger than with other types of movement. The greatest load during gallop is experienced by the pelvic limb, diagonal with the leading one, since it creates the greatest effort when pushing forward. therefore The most important rule of galloping is to transfer the rider's body to the side of the leading limb in order to reduce the weight of the loaded pelvic leg.

The stride of a galloping horse can be 3 times its body length.The canter speed is the fastest at the canter (6-9 m / s), which is 2-2.5 times the normal trot. Therefore, when the horse accelerates, it will always go into a canter. This is a natural feature of the animal; the easiest way is the transition from the amble (the least stable gait). From a trot, the horse goes into a gallop deliberately to obtain maximum speed - in natural conditions it is used to escape from enemies.

The gallop is the most difficult gait in terms of the order of steps. Many horsemen believe that the first movement is to lean on the inner forelimb. In fact, this cycle practically completes the cycle of one jump. How the movement takes place:

1. support on the external pelvic limb;
2. landing on the second pelvic and diagonal front leg;
3. landing on the inner thoracic limb - support on all legs;
4. repulsion by the pelvic and external thoracic limbs;
5. the inner front hoof lifts off the ground;
6. the phase of an unsupported jump, its duration depends on the speed of the horse's movement.

Allure "three crosses"

The expression arose at a time when the cavalry was the most mobile branch of the army. When the commander handed the package to the messenger, it indicated the departure time in hours and minutes, as well as an indication of how quickly the report should be delivered. This was symbolically indicated with a cross. One cross () meant that the messenger could walk to the destination in stride, two crosses () meant a trot, three crosses () meant an immediate gallop.

Therefore, in the army, the gallop was unofficially called "gait three crosses", and later this expression entered the Russian language, meaning the fastest possible execution of orders from the authorities [3].